Optimized uplink transmit power through device coordination for improved human detection

ABSTRACT

Disclosed are techniques for wireless communication. In an aspect, a first wireless device transmits a request to participate in a coordination and detection procedure to determine whether a human is present in an environment of the first wireless device, receives an acknowledgment from at least a second wireless device, transmits a first set of at least two consecutive wireless signals to the second wireless device, receives a second set of at least two consecutive wireless signals from the second wireless device, determines whether the human is present in the environment based at least in part on a first time of flight (ToF) and a second ToF between the first wireless device and the second wireless device, and sets a transmit power of the first wireless device based on the determination of whether the human is present in the environment.

BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE 1. Field of the Disclosure

Aspects of the disclosure relate generally to wireless communications.

2. Description of the Related Art

Wireless communication systems have developed through variousgenerations, including a first-generation analog wireless phone service(1G), a second-generation (2G) digital wireless phone service (includinginterim 2.5G and 2.75G networks), a third-generation (3G) high speeddata, Internet-capable wireless service and a fourth-generation (4G)service (e.g., Long Term Evolution (LTE) or WiMax). There are presentlymany different types of wireless communication systems in use, includingcellular and personal communications service (PCS) systems. Examples ofknown cellular systems include the cellular analog advanced mobile phonesystem (AMPS), and digital cellular systems based on code divisionmultiple access (CDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), timedivision multiple access (TDMA), the Global System for Mobilecommunications (GSM), etc.

A fifth generation (5G) wireless standard, referred to as New Radio(NR), calls for higher data transfer speeds, greater numbers ofconnections, and better coverage, among other improvements. The 5Gstandard, according to the Next Generation Mobile Networks Alliance, isdesigned to provide data rates of several tens of megabits per second toeach of tens of thousands of users, with 1 gigabit per second to tens ofworkers on an office floor. Several hundreds of thousands ofsimultaneous connections should be supported in order to support largesensor deployments. Consequently, the spectral efficiency of 5G mobilecommunications should be significantly enhanced compared to the current4G standard. Furthermore, signaling efficiencies should be enhanced andlatency should be substantially reduced compared to current standards.

SUMMARY

The following presents a simplified summary relating to one or moreaspects disclosed herein. Thus, the following summary should not beconsidered an extensive overview relating to all contemplated aspects,nor should the following summary be considered to identify key orcritical elements relating to all contemplated aspects or to delineatethe scope associated with any particular aspect. Accordingly, thefollowing summary has the sole purpose to present certain conceptsrelating to one or more aspects relating to the mechanisms disclosedherein in a simplified form to precede the detailed descriptionpresented below.

In an aspect, a method of wireless communication performed by a firstwireless device includes transmitting a request to participate in acoordination and detection procedure to determine whether a human ispresent in an environment of the first wireless device; receiving anacknowledgment from at least a second wireless device indicating thatthe second wireless device will participate in the coordination anddetection procedure; transmitting a first set of at least twoconsecutive wireless signals to the second wireless device; receiving asecond set of at least two consecutive wireless signals from the secondwireless device; determining whether the human is present in theenvironment based at least in part on a first time of flight (ToF) and asecond ToF between the first wireless device and the second wirelessdevice, the first ToF determined based on a first wireless signal of thefirst set of at least two consecutive wireless signals and a firstwireless signal of the second set of at least two consecutive wirelesssignals, the second ToF determined based on a second wireless signal ofthe first set of at least two consecutive wireless signals and a secondwireless signal of the second set of at least two consecutive wirelesssignals; and setting a transmit power of the first wireless device basedon the determination of whether the human is present in the environment.

In an aspect, a method of wireless communication performed by a basestation includes receiving, from a first wireless device, a request forassistance with a detection procedure to determine whether a human ispresent in an environment of the first wireless device; receiving, froma third wireless device, a first time of flight (ToF) and a second ToFbetween the first wireless device and a second wireless device, thefirst ToF determined based on a first wireless signal of a first pair ofconsecutive wireless signals transmitted by the first wireless deviceand a first wireless signal of a second pair of consecutive wirelesssignals transmitted by the second wireless device, the second ToFdetermined based on a second wireless signal of the first pair ofconsecutive wireless signals transmitted by the first wireless deviceand a second wireless signal of the second pair of consecutive wirelesssignals transmitted by the second wireless device; determining whetherthe human is present in the environment based at least in part on thefirst ToF and the second ToF; and transmitting, to at least the thirdwireless device, a result of the determination of whether the human ispresent in the environment.

In an aspect, a first wireless device includes a memory; at least onetransceiver; and at least one processor communicatively coupled to thememory and the at least one transceiver, the at least one processorconfigured to: transmit, via the at least one transceiver, a request toparticipate in a coordination and detection procedure to determinewhether a human is present in an environment of the first wirelessdevice; receive, via the at least one transceiver, an acknowledgmentfrom at least a second wireless device indicating that the secondwireless device will participate in the coordination and detectionprocedure; transmit, via the at least one transceiver, a first set of atleast two consecutive wireless signals to the second wireless device;receive, via the at least one transceiver, a second set of at least twoconsecutive wireless signals from the second wireless device; determinewhether the human is present in the environment based at least in parton a first time of flight (ToF) and a second ToF between the firstwireless device and the second wireless device, the first ToF determinedbased on a first wireless signal of the first set of at least twoconsecutive wireless signals and a first wireless signal of the secondset of at least two consecutive wireless signals, the second ToFdetermined based on a second wireless signal of the first set of atleast two consecutive wireless signals and a second wireless signal ofthe second set of at least two consecutive wireless signals; and set atransmit power of the first wireless device based on the determinationof whether the human is present in the environment.

In an aspect, a base station includes a memory; at least onetransceiver; and at least one processor communicatively coupled to thememory and the at least one transceiver, the at least one processorconfigured to: receive, via the at least one transceiver, from a firstwireless device, a request for assistance with a detection procedure todetermine whether a human is present in an environment of the firstwireless device; receive, via the at least one transceiver, from a thirdwireless device, a first time of flight (ToF) and a second ToF betweenthe first wireless device and a second wireless device, the first ToFdetermined based on a first wireless signal of a first pair ofconsecutive wireless signals transmitted by the first wireless deviceand a first wireless signal of a second pair of consecutive wirelesssignals transmitted by the second wireless device, the second ToFdetermined based on a second wireless signal of the first pair ofconsecutive wireless signals transmitted by the first wireless deviceand a second wireless signal of the second pair of consecutive wirelesssignals transmitted by the second wireless device; determine whether thehuman is present in the environment based at least in part on the firstToF and the second ToF; and transmit, via the at least one transceiver,to at least the third wireless device, a result of the determination ofwhether the human is present in the environment.

In an aspect, a first wireless device includes means for transmitting arequest to participate in a coordination and detection procedure todetermine whether a human is present in an environment of the firstwireless device; means for receiving an acknowledgment from at least asecond wireless device indicating that the second wireless device willparticipate in the coordination and detection procedure; means fortransmitting a first set of at least two consecutive wireless signals tothe second wireless device; means for receiving a second set of at leasttwo consecutive wireless signals from the second wireless device; meansfor determining whether the human is present in the environment based atleast in part on a first time of flight (ToF) and a second ToF betweenthe first wireless device and the second wireless device, the first ToFdetermined based on a first wireless signal of the first set of at leasttwo consecutive wireless signals and a first wireless signal of thesecond set of at least two consecutive wireless signals, the second ToFdetermined based on a second wireless signal of the first set of atleast two consecutive wireless signals and a second wireless signal ofthe second set of at least two consecutive wireless signals; and meansfor setting a transmit power of the first wireless device based on thedetermination of whether the human is present in the environment.

In an aspect, a base station includes means for receiving, from a firstwireless device, a request for assistance with a detection procedure todetermine whether a human is present in an environment of the firstwireless device; means for receiving, from a third wireless device, afirst time of flight (ToF) and a second ToF between the first wirelessdevice and a second wireless device, the first ToF determined based on afirst wireless signal of a first pair of consecutive wireless signalstransmitted by the first wireless device and a first wireless signal ofa second pair of consecutive wireless signals transmitted by the secondwireless device, the second ToF determined based on a second wirelesssignal of the first pair of consecutive wireless signals transmitted bythe first wireless device and a second wireless signal of the secondpair of consecutive wireless signals transmitted by the second wirelessdevice; means for determining whether the human is present in theenvironment based at least in part on the first ToF and the second ToF;and means for transmitting, to at least the third wireless device, aresult of the determination of whether the human is present in theenvironment.

In an aspect, a non-transitory computer-readable medium storingcomputer-executable instructions that, when executed by a first wirelessdevice, cause the first wireless device to: transmit a request toparticipate in a coordination and detection procedure to determinewhether a human is present in an environment of the first wirelessdevice; receive an acknowledgment from at least a second wireless deviceindicating that the second wireless device will participate in thecoordination and detection procedure; transmit a first set of at leasttwo consecutive wireless signals to the second wireless device; receivea second set of at least two consecutive wireless signals from thesecond wireless device; determine whether the human is present in theenvironment based at least in part on a first time of flight (ToF) and asecond ToF between the first wireless device and the second wirelessdevice, the first ToF determined based on a first wireless signal of thefirst set of at least two consecutive wireless signals and a firstwireless signal of the second set of at least two consecutive wirelesssignals, the second ToF determined based on a second wireless signal ofthe first set of at least two consecutive wireless signals and a secondwireless signal of the second set of at least two consecutive wirelesssignals; and set a transmit power of the first wireless device based onthe determination of whether the human is present in the environment.

In an aspect, a non-transitory computer-readable medium storingcomputer-executable instructions that, when executed by a base station,cause the base station to: receive, from a first wireless device, arequest for assistance with a detection procedure to determine whether ahuman is present in an environment of the first wireless device;receive, from a third wireless device, a first time of flight (ToF) anda second ToF between the first wireless device and a second wirelessdevice, the first ToF determined based on a first wireless signal of afirst pair of consecutive wireless signals transmitted by the firstwireless device and a first wireless signal of a second pair ofconsecutive wireless signals transmitted by the second wireless device,the second ToF determined based on a second wireless signal of the firstpair of consecutive wireless signals transmitted by the first wirelessdevice and a second wireless signal of the second pair of consecutivewireless signals transmitted by the second wireless device; determinewhether the human is present in the environment based at least in parton the first ToF and the second ToF; and transmit, to at least the thirdwireless device, a result of the determination of whether the human ispresent in the environment.

Other objects and advantages associated with the aspects disclosedherein will be apparent to those skilled in the art based on theaccompanying drawings and detailed description.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings are presented to aid in the description ofvarious aspects of the disclosure and are provided solely forillustration of the aspects and not limitation thereof.

FIG. 1 illustrates an example wireless communications system, accordingto aspects of the disclosure.

FIGS. 2A and 2B illustrate example wireless network structures,according to aspects of the disclosure.

FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3C are simplified block diagrams of several sampleaspects of components that may be employed in a user equipment (UE), abase station, and a network entity, respectively, and configured tosupport communications as taught herein.

FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating an example frame structure, accordingto aspects of the disclosure.

FIG. 5 illustrates examples of various positioning methods supported inNew Radio (NR), according to aspects of the disclosure.

FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating an example sidelink ranging andpositioning procedure, according to aspects of the disclosure.

FIG. 7 is a graph illustrating the impact of maximum permissibleexposure (MPE) requirements on the maximum allowed effective isotropicradiated power (EIRP).

FIG. 8 is a diagram of an example scenario in which four devicescoordinate with each other to detect a nearby human, according toaspects of the disclosure.

FIG. 9 is a diagram showing how a shared channel (SCH) is established ona sidelink between two or more UEs, according to aspects of thedisclosure.

FIGS. 10 and 11 illustrate example methods of wireless communication,according to aspects of the disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Aspects of the disclosure are provided in the following description andrelated drawings directed to various examples provided for illustrationpurposes. Alternate aspects may be devised without departing from thescope of the disclosure. Additionally, well-known elements of thedisclosure will not be described in detail or will be omitted so as notto obscure the relevant details of the disclosure.

The words “exemplary” and/or “example” are used herein to mean “servingas an example, instance, or illustration.” Any aspect described hereinas “exemplary” and/or “example” is not necessarily to be construed aspreferred or advantageous over other aspects. Likewise, the term“aspects of the disclosure” does not require that all aspects of thedisclosure include the discussed feature, advantage or mode ofoperation.

Those of skill in the art will appreciate that the information andsignals described below may be represented using any of a variety ofdifferent technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions,commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may bereferenced throughout the description below may be represented byvoltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles,optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof, depending inpart on the particular application, in part on the desired design, inpart on the corresponding technology, etc.

Further, many aspects are described in terms of sequences of actions tobe performed by, for example, elements of a computing device. It will berecognized that various actions described herein can be performed byspecific circuits (e.g., application specific integrated circuits(ASICs)), by program instructions being executed by one or moreprocessors, or by a combination of both. Additionally, the sequence(s)of actions described herein can be considered to be embodied entirelywithin any form of non-transitory computer-readable storage mediumhaving stored therein a corresponding set of computer instructions that,upon execution, would cause or instruct an associated processor of adevice to perform the functionality described herein. Thus, the variousaspects of the disclosure may be embodied in a number of differentforms, all of which have been contemplated to be within the scope of theclaimed subject matter. In addition, for each of the aspects describedherein, the corresponding form of any such aspects may be describedherein as, for example, “logic configured to” perform the describedaction.

As used herein, the terms “user equipment” (UE) and “base station” arenot intended to be specific or otherwise limited to any particular radioaccess technology (RAT), unless otherwise noted. In general, a UE may beany wireless communication device (e.g., a mobile phone, router, tabletcomputer, laptop computer, consumer asset locating device, wearable(e.g., smartwatch, glasses, augmented reality (AR)/virtual reality (VR)headset, etc.), vehicle (e.g., automobile, motorcycle, bicycle, etc.),Internet of Things (IoT) device, etc.) used by a user to communicateover a wireless communications network. A UE may be mobile or may (e.g.,at certain times) be stationary, and may communicate with a radio accessnetwork (RAN). As used herein, the term “UE” may be referred tointerchangeably as an “access terminal” or “AT,” a “client device,” a“wireless device,” a “subscriber device,” a “subscriber terminal,” a“subscriber station,” a “user terminal” or “UT,” a “mobile device,” a“mobile terminal,” a “mobile station,” or variations thereof. Generally,UEs can communicate with a core network via a RAN, and through the corenetwork the UEs can be connected with external networks such as theInternet and with other UEs. Of course, other mechanisms of connectingto the core network and/or the Internet are also possible for the UEs,such as over wired access networks, wireless local area network (WLAN)networks (e.g., based on the Institute of Electrical and ElectronicsEngineers (IEEE) 802.11 specification, etc.) and so on.

A base station may operate according to one of several RATs incommunication with UEs depending on the network in which it is deployed,and may be alternatively referred to as an access point (AP), a networknode, a NodeB, an evolved NodeB (eNB), a next generation eNB (ng-eNB), aNew Radio (NR) Node B (also referred to as a gNB or gNodeB), etc. A basestation may be used primarily to support wireless access by UEs,including supporting data, voice, and/or signaling connections for thesupported UEs. In some systems a base station may provide purely edgenode signaling functions while in other systems it may provideadditional control and/or network management functions. A communicationlink through which UEs can send signals to a base station is called anuplink (UL) channel (e.g., a reverse traffic channel, a reverse controlchannel, an access channel, etc.). A communication link through whichthe base station can send signals to UEs is called a downlink (DL) orforward link channel (e.g., a paging channel, a control channel, abroadcast channel, a forward traffic channel, etc.). As used herein theterm traffic channel (TCH) can refer to either an uplink/reverse ordownlink/forward traffic channel.

The term “base station” may refer to a single physicaltransmission-reception point (TRP) or to multiple physical TRPs that mayor may not be co-located. For example, where the term “base station”refers to a single physical TRP, the physical TRP may be an antenna ofthe base station corresponding to a cell (or several cell sectors) ofthe base station. Where the term “base station” refers to multipleco-located physical TRPs, the physical TRPs may be an array of antennas(e.g., as in a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system or where thebase station employs beamforming) of the base station. Where the term“base station” refers to multiple non-co-located physical TRPs, thephysical TRPs may be a distributed antenna system (DAS) (a network ofspatially separated antennas connected to a common source via atransport medium) or a remote radio head (RRH) (a remote base stationconnected to a serving base station). Alternatively, the non-co-locatedphysical TRPs may be the serving base station receiving the measurementreport from the UE and a neighbor base station whose reference radiofrequency (RF) signals the UE is measuring. Because a TRP is the pointfrom which a base station transmits and receives wireless signals, asused herein, references to transmission from or reception at a basestation are to be understood as referring to a particular TRP of thebase station.

In some implementations that support positioning of UEs, a base stationmay not support wireless access by UEs (e.g., may not support data,voice, and/or signaling connections for UEs), but may instead transmitreference signals to UEs to be measured by the UEs, and/or may receiveand measure signals transmitted by the UEs. Such a base station may bereferred to as a positioning beacon (e.g., when transmitting signals toUEs) and/or as a location measurement unit (e.g., when receiving andmeasuring signals from UEs).

An “RF signal” comprises an electromagnetic wave of a given frequencythat transports information through the space between a transmitter anda receiver. As used herein, a transmitter may transmit a single “RFsignal” or multiple “RF signals” to a receiver. However, the receivermay receive multiple “RF signals” corresponding to each transmitted RFsignal due to the propagation characteristics of RF signals throughmultipath channels. The same transmitted RF signal on different pathsbetween the transmitter and receiver may be referred to as a “multipath”RF signal. As used herein, an RF signal may also be referred to as a“wireless signal” or simply a “signal” where it is clear from thecontext that the term “signal” refers to a wireless signal or an RFsignal.

FIG. 1 illustrates an example wireless communications system 100,according to aspects of the disclosure. The wireless communicationssystem 100 (which may also be referred to as a wireless wide areanetwork (WWAN)) may include various base stations 102 (labeled “BS”) andvarious UEs 104. The base stations 102 may include macro cell basestations (high power cellular base stations) and/or small cell basestations (low power cellular base stations). In an aspect, the macrocell base stations may include eNBs and/or ng-eNBs where the wirelesscommunications system 100 corresponds to an LTE network, or gNBs wherethe wireless communications system 100 corresponds to a NR network, or acombination of both, and the small cell base stations may includefemtocells, picocells, microcells, etc.

The base stations 102 may collectively form a RAN and interface with acore network 170 (e.g., an evolved packet core (EPC) or a 5G core (5GC))through backhaul links 122, and through the core network 170 to one ormore location servers 172 (e.g., a location management function (LMF) ora secure user plane location (SUPL) location platform (SLP)). Thelocation server(s) 172 may be part of core network 170 or may beexternal to core network 170. A location server 172 may be integratedwith a base station 102. A UE 104 may communicate with a location server172 directly or indirectly. For example, a UE 104 may communicate with alocation server 172 via the base station 102 that is currently servingthat UE 104. A UE 104 may also communicate with a location server 172through another path, such as via an application server (not shown), viaanother network, such as via a wireless local area network (WLAN) accesspoint (AP) (e.g., AP 150 described below), and so on. For signalingpurposes, communication between a UE 104 and a location server 172 maybe represented as an indirect connection (e.g., through the core network170, etc.) or a direct connection (e.g., as shown via direct connection128), with the intervening nodes (if any) omitted from a signalingdiagram for clarity.

In addition to other functions, the base stations 102 may performfunctions that relate to one or more of transferring user data, radiochannel ciphering and deciphering, integrity protection, headercompression, mobility control functions (e.g., handover, dualconnectivity), inter-cell interference coordination, connection setupand release, load balancing, distribution for non-access stratum (NAS)messages, NAS node selection, synchronization, RAN sharing, multimediabroadcast multicast service (MBMS), subscriber and equipment trace, RANinformation management (RIM), paging, positioning, and delivery ofwarning messages. The base stations 102 may communicate with each otherdirectly or indirectly (e.g., through the EPC/5GC) over backhaul links134, which may be wired or wireless.

The base stations 102 may wirelessly communicate with the UEs 104. Eachof the base stations 102 may provide communication coverage for arespective geographic coverage area 110. In an aspect, one or more cellsmay be supported by a base station 102 in each geographic coverage area110. A “cell” is a logical communication entity used for communicationwith a base station (e.g., over some frequency resource, referred to asa carrier frequency, component carrier, carrier, band, or the like), andmay be associated with an identifier (e.g., a physical cell identifier(PCI), an enhanced cell identifier (ECI), a virtual cell identifier(VCI), a cell global identifier (CGI), etc.) for distinguishing cellsoperating via the same or a different carrier frequency. In some cases,different cells may be configured according to different protocol types(e.g., machine-type communication (MTC), narrowband IoT (NB-IoT),enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), or others) that may provide access fordifferent types of UEs. Because a cell is supported by a specific basestation, the term “cell” may refer to either or both of the logicalcommunication entity and the base station that supports it, depending onthe context. In addition, because a TRP is typically the physicaltransmission point of a cell, the terms “cell” and “TRP” may be usedinterchangeably. In some cases, the term “cell” may also refer to ageographic coverage area of a base station (e.g., a sector), insofar asa carrier frequency can be detected and used for communication withinsome portion of geographic coverage areas 110.

While neighboring macro cell base station 102 geographic coverage areas110 may partially overlap (e.g., in a handover region), some of thegeographic coverage areas 110 may be substantially overlapped by alarger geographic coverage area 110. For example, a small cell basestation 102′ (labeled “SC” for “small cell”) may have a geographiccoverage area 110′ that substantially overlaps with the geographiccoverage area 110 of one or more macro cell base stations 102. A networkthat includes both small cell and macro cell base stations may be knownas a heterogeneous network. A heterogeneous network may also includehome eNBs (HeNBs), which may provide service to a restricted group knownas a closed subscriber group (CSG).

The communication links 120 between the base stations 102 and the UEs104 may include uplink (also referred to as reverse link) transmissionsfrom a UE 104 to a base station 102 and/or downlink (DL) (also referredto as forward link) transmissions from a base station 102 to a UE 104.The communication links 120 may use MIMO antenna technology, includingspatial multiplexing, beamforming, and/or transmit diversity. Thecommunication links 120 may be through one or more carrier frequencies.Allocation of carriers may be asymmetric with respect to downlink anduplink (e.g., more or less carriers may be allocated for downlink thanfor uplink).

The wireless communications system 100 may further include a wirelesslocal area network (WLAN) access point (AP) 150 in communication withWLAN stations (STAs) 152 via communication links 154 in an unlicensedfrequency spectrum (e.g., 5 GHz). When communicating in an unlicensedfrequency spectrum, the WLAN STAs 152 and/or the WLAN AP 150 may performa clear channel assessment (CCA) or listen before talk (LBT) procedureprior to communicating in order to determine whether the channel isavailable.

The small cell base station 102′ may operate in a licensed and/or anunlicensed frequency spectrum. When operating in an unlicensed frequencyspectrum, the small cell base station 102′ may employ LTE or NRtechnology and use the same 5 GHz unlicensed frequency spectrum as usedby the WLAN AP 150. The small cell base station 102′, employing LTE/5Gin an unlicensed frequency spectrum, may boost coverage to and/orincrease capacity of the access network. NR in unlicensed spectrum maybe referred to as NR-U. LTE in an unlicensed spectrum may be referred toas LTE-U, licensed assisted access (LAA), or MulteFire.

The wireless communications system 100 may further include a millimeterwave (mmW) base station 180 that may operate in mmW frequencies and/ornear mmW frequencies in communication with a UE 182. Extremely highfrequency (EHF) is part of the RF in the electromagnetic spectrum. EHFhas a range of 30 GHz to 300 GHz and a wavelength between 1 millimeterand 10 millimeters. Radio waves in this band may be referred to as amillimeter wave. Near mmW may extend down to a frequency of 3 GHz with awavelength of 100 millimeters. The super high frequency (SHF) bandextends between 3 GHz and 30 GHz, also referred to as centimeter wave.Communications using the mmW/near mmW radio frequency band have highpath loss and a relatively short range. The mmW base station 180 and theUE 182 may utilize beamforming (transmit and/or receive) over a mmWcommunication link 184 to compensate for the extremely high path lossand short range. Further, it will be appreciated that in alternativeconfigurations, one or more base stations 102 may also transmit usingmmW or near mmW and beamforming. Accordingly, it will be appreciatedthat the foregoing illustrations are merely examples and should not beconstrued to limit the various aspects disclosed herein.

Transmit beamforming is a technique for focusing an RF signal in aspecific direction. Traditionally, when a network node (e.g., a basestation) broadcasts an RF signal, it broadcasts the signal in alldirections (omni-directionally). With transmit beamforming, the networknode determines where a given target device (e.g., a UE) is located(relative to the transmitting network node) and projects a strongerdownlink RF signal in that specific direction, thereby providing afaster (in terms of data rate) and stronger RF signal for the receivingdevice(s). To change the directionality of the RF signal whentransmitting, a network node can control the phase and relativeamplitude of the RF signal at each of the one or more transmitters thatare broadcasting the RF signal. For example, a network node may use anarray of antennas (referred to as a “phased array” or an “antennaarray”) that creates a beam of RF waves that can be “steered” to pointin different directions, without actually moving the antennas.Specifically, the RF current from the transmitter is fed to theindividual antennas with the correct phase relationship so that theradio waves from the separate antennas add together to increase theradiation in a desired direction, while cancelling to suppress radiationin undesired directions.

Transmit beams may be quasi-co-located, meaning that they appear to thereceiver (e.g., a UE) as having the same parameters, regardless ofwhether or not the transmitting antennas of the network node themselvesare physically co-located. In NR, there are four types ofquasi-co-location (QCL) relations. Specifically, a QCL relation of agiven type means that certain parameters about a second reference RFsignal on a second beam can be derived from information about a sourcereference RF signal on a source beam. Thus, if the source reference RFsignal is QCL Type A, the receiver can use the source reference RFsignal to estimate the Doppler shift, Doppler spread, average delay, anddelay spread of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the samechannel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL Type B, the receivercan use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift andDoppler spread of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the samechannel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL Type C, the receivercan use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift andaverage delay of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the samechannel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL Type D, the receivercan use the source reference RF signal to estimate the spatial receiveparameter of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the samechannel.

In receive beamforming, the receiver uses a receive beam to amplify RFsignals detected on a given channel. For example, the receiver canincrease the gain setting and/or adjust the phase setting of an array ofantennas in a particular direction to amplify (e.g., to increase thegain level of) the RF signals received from that direction. Thus, when areceiver is said to beamform in a certain direction, it means the beamgain in that direction is high relative to the beam gain along otherdirections, or the beam gain in that direction is the highest comparedto the beam gain in that direction of all other receive beams availableto the receiver. This results in a stronger received signal strength(e.g., reference signal received power (RSRP), reference signal receivedquality (RSRQ), signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR), etc.) ofthe RF signals received from that direction.

Transmit and receive beams may be spatially related. A spatial relationmeans that parameters for a second beam (e.g., a transmit or receivebeam) for a second reference signal can be derived from informationabout a first beam (e.g., a receive beam or a transmit beam) for a firstreference signal. For example, a UE may use a particular receive beam toreceive a reference downlink reference signal (e.g., synchronizationsignal block (SSB)) from a base station. The UE can then form a transmitbeam for sending an uplink reference signal (e.g., sounding referencesignal (SRS)) to that base station based on the parameters of thereceive beam.

Note that a “downlink” beam may be either a transmit beam or a receivebeam, depending on the entity forming it. For example, if a base stationis forming the downlink beam to transmit a reference signal to a UE, thedownlink beam is a transmit beam. If the UE is forming the downlinkbeam, however, it is a receive beam to receive the downlink referencesignal. Similarly, an “uplink” beam may be either a transmit beam or areceive beam, depending on the entity forming it. For example, if a basestation is forming the uplink beam, it is an uplink receive beam, and ifa UE is forming the uplink beam, it is an uplink transmit beam.

The electromagnetic spectrum is often subdivided, based onfrequency/wavelength, into various classes, bands, channels, etc. In 5GNR two initial operating bands have been identified as frequency rangedesignations FR1 (410 MHz-7.125 GHz) and FR2 (24.25 GHz-52.6 GHz). Itshould be understood that although a portion of FR1 is greater than 6GHz, FR1 is often referred to (interchangeably) as a “Sub-6 GHz” band invarious documents and articles. A similar nomenclature issue sometimesoccurs with regard to FR2, which is often referred to (interchangeably)as a “millimeter wave” band in documents and articles, despite beingdifferent from the extremely high frequency (EHF) band (30 GHz-300 GHz)which is identified by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU)as a “millimeter wave” band.

The frequencies between FR1 and FR2 are often referred to as mid-bandfrequencies. Recent 5G NR studies have identified an operating band forthese mid-band frequencies as frequency range designation FR3 (7.125GHz-24.25 GHz). Frequency bands falling within FR3 may inherit FR1characteristics and/or FR2 characteristics, and thus may effectivelyextend features of FR1 and/or FR2 into mid-band frequencies. Inaddition, higher frequency bands are currently being explored to extend5G NR operation beyond 52.6 GHz. For example, three higher operatingbands have been identified as frequency range designations FR4a or FR4-1(52.6 GHz-71 GHz), FR4 (52.6 GHz-114.25 GHz), and FR5 (114.25 GHz-300GHz). Each of these higher frequency bands falls within the EHF band.

With the above aspects in mind, unless specifically stated otherwise, itshould be understood that the term “sub-6 GHz” or the like if usedherein may broadly represent frequencies that may be less than 6 GHz,may be within FR1, or may include mid-band frequencies. Further, unlessspecifically stated otherwise, it should be understood that the term“millimeter wave” or the like if used herein may broadly representfrequencies that may include mid-band frequencies, may be within FR2,FR4, FR4-a or FR4-1, and/or FR5, or may be within the EHF band.

In a multi-carrier system, such as 5G, one of the carrier frequencies isreferred to as the “primary carrier” or “anchor carrier” or “primaryserving cell” or “PCell,” and the remaining carrier frequencies arereferred to as “secondary carriers” or “secondary serving cells” or“SCells.” In carrier aggregation, the anchor carrier is the carrieroperating on the primary frequency (e.g., FR1) utilized by a UE 104/182and the cell in which the UE 104/182 either performs the initial radioresource control (RRC) connection establishment procedure or initiatesthe RRC connection re-establishment procedure. The primary carriercarries all common and UE-specific control channels, and may be acarrier in a licensed frequency (however, this is not always the case).A secondary carrier is a carrier operating on a second frequency (e.g.,FR2) that may be configured once the RRC connection is establishedbetween the UE 104 and the anchor carrier and that may be used toprovide additional radio resources. In some cases, the secondary carriermay be a carrier in an unlicensed frequency. The secondary carrier maycontain only necessary signaling information and signals, for example,those that are UE-specific may not be present in the secondary carrier,since both primary uplink and downlink carriers are typicallyUE-specific. This means that different UEs 104/182 in a cell may havedifferent downlink primary carriers. The same is true for the uplinkprimary carriers. The network is able to change the primary carrier ofany UE 104/182 at any time. This is done, for example, to balance theload on different carriers. Because a “serving cell” (whether a PCell oran SCell) corresponds to a carrier frequency/component carrier overwhich some base station is communicating, the term “cell,” “servingcell,” “component carrier,” “carrier frequency,” and the like can beused interchangeably.

For example, still referring to FIG. 1 , one of the frequencies utilizedby the macro cell base stations 102 may be an anchor carrier (or“PCell”) and other frequencies utilized by the macro cell base stations102 and/or the mmW base station 180 may be secondary carriers(“SCells”). The simultaneous transmission and/or reception of multiplecarriers enables the UE 104/182 to significantly increase its datatransmission and/or reception rates. For example, two 20 MHz aggregatedcarriers in a multi-carrier system would theoretically lead to atwo-fold increase in data rate (i.e., 40 MHz), compared to that attainedby a single 20 MHz carrier.

The wireless communications system 100 may further include a UE 164 thatmay communicate with a macro cell base station 102 over a communicationlink 120 and/or the mmW base station 180 over a mmW communication link184. For example, the macro cell base station 102 may support a PCelland one or more SCells for the UE 164 and the mmW base station 180 maysupport one or more SCells for the UE 164.

In some cases, the UE 164 and the UE 182 may be capable of sidelinkcommunication. Sidelink-capable UEs (SL-UEs) may communicate with basestations 102 over communication links 120 using the Uu interface (i.e.,the air interface between a UE and a base station). SL-UEs (e.g., UE164, UE 182) may also communicate directly with each other over awireless sidelink 160 using the PC5 interface (i.e., the air interfacebetween sidelink-capable UEs). A wireless sidelink (or just “sidelink”)is an adaptation of the core cellular (e.g., LTE, NR) standard thatallows direct communication between two or more UEs without thecommunication needing to go through a base station. Sidelinkcommunication may be unicast or multicast, and may be used fordevice-to-device (D2D) media-sharing, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V)communication, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication (e.g., cellularV2X (cV2X) communication, enhanced V2X (eV2X) communication, etc.),emergency rescue applications, etc. One or more of a group of SL-UEsutilizing sidelink communications may be within the geographic coveragearea 110 of a base station 102. Other SL-UEs in such a group may beoutside the geographic coverage area 110 of a base station 102 or beotherwise unable to receive transmissions from a base station 102. Insome cases, groups of SL-UEs communicating via sidelink communicationsmay utilize a one-to-many (1:M) system in which each SL-UE transmits toevery other SL-UE in the group. In some cases, a base station 102facilitates the scheduling of resources for sidelink communications. Inother cases, sidelink communications are carried out between SL-UEswithout the involvement of a base station 102.

In an aspect, the sidelink 160 may operate over a wireless communicationmedium of interest, which may be shared with other wirelesscommunications between other vehicles and/or infrastructure accesspoints, as well as other RATs. A “medium” may be composed of one or moretime, frequency, and/or space communication resources (e.g.,encompassing one or more channels across one or more carriers)associated with wireless communication between one or moretransmitter/receiver pairs. In an aspect, the medium of interest maycorrespond to at least a portion of an unlicensed frequency band sharedamong various RATs. Although different licensed frequency bands havebeen reserved for certain communication systems (e.g., by a governmententity such as the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in the UnitedStates), these systems, in particular those employing small cell accesspoints, have recently extended operation into unlicensed frequency bandssuch as the Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure (U-MI) bandused by wireless local area network (WLAN) technologies, most notablyIEEE 802.11x WLAN technologies generally referred to as “Wi-Fi.” Examplesystems of this type include different variants of CDMA systems, TDMAsystems, FDMA systems, orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) systems, single-carrierFDMA (SC-FDMA) systems, and so on.

Note that although FIG. 1 only illustrates two of the UEs as SL-UEs(i.e., UEs 164 and 182), any of the illustrated UEs may be SL-UEs.Further, although only UE 182 was described as being capable ofbeamforming, any of the illustrated UEs, including UE 164, may becapable of beamforming. Where SL-UEs are capable of beamforming, theymay beamform towards each other (i.e., towards other SL-UEs), towardsother UEs (e.g., UEs 104), towards base stations (e.g., base stations102, 180, small cell 102′, access point 150), etc. Thus, in some cases,UEs 164 and 182 may utilize beamforming over sidelink 160.

In the example of FIG. 1 , any of the illustrated UEs (shown in FIG. 1as a single UE 104 for simplicity) may receive signals 124 from one ormore Earth orbiting space vehicles (SVs) 112 (e.g., satellites). In anaspect, the SVs 112 may be part of a satellite positioning system that aUE 104 can use as an independent source of location information. Asatellite positioning system typically includes a system of transmitters(e.g., SVs 112) positioned to enable receivers (e.g., UEs 104) todetermine their location on or above the Earth based, at least in part,on positioning signals (e.g., signals 124) received from thetransmitters. Such a transmitter typically transmits a signal markedwith a repeating pseudo-random noise (PN) code of a set number of chips.While typically located in SVs 112, transmitters may sometimes belocated on ground-based control stations, base stations 102, and/orother UEs 104. A UE 104 may include one or more dedicated receiversspecifically designed to receive signals 124 for deriving geo locationinformation from the SVs 112.

In a satellite positioning system, the use of signals 124 can beaugmented by various satellite-based augmentation systems (SBAS) thatmay be associated with or otherwise enabled for use with one or moreglobal and/or regional navigation satellite systems. For example an SBASmay include an augmentation system(s) that provides integrityinformation, differential corrections, etc., such as the Wide AreaAugmentation System (WAAS), the European Geostationary NavigationOverlay Service (EGNOS), the Multi-functional Satellite AugmentationSystem (MSAS), the Global Positioning System (GPS) Aided Geo AugmentedNavigation or GPS and Geo Augmented Navigation system (GAGAN), and/orthe like. Thus, as used herein, a satellite positioning system mayinclude any combination of one or more global and/or regional navigationsatellites associated with such one or more satellite positioningsystems.

In an aspect, SVs 112 may additionally or alternatively be part of oneor more non-terrestrial networks (NTNs). In an NTN, an SV 112 isconnected to an earth station (also referred to as a ground station, NTNgateway, or gateway), which in turn is connected to an element in a 5Gnetwork, such as a modified base station 102 (without a terrestrialantenna) or a network node in a 5GC. This element would in turn provideaccess to other elements in the 5G network and ultimately to entitiesexternal to the 5G network, such as Internet web servers and other userdevices. In that way, a UE 104 may receive communication signals (e.g.,signals 124) from an SV 112 instead of, or in addition to, communicationsignals from a terrestrial base station 102.

The wireless communications system 100 may further include one or moreUEs, such as UE 190, that connects indirectly to one or morecommunication networks via one or more device-to-device (D2D)peer-to-peer (P2P) links (referred to as “sidelinks”). In the example ofFIG. 1 , UE 190 has a D2D P2P link 192 with one of the UEs 104 connectedto one of the base stations 102 (e.g., through which UE 190 mayindirectly obtain cellular connectivity) and a D2D P2P link 194 withWLAN STA 152 connected to the WLAN AP 150 (through which UE 190 mayindirectly obtain WLAN-based Internet connectivity). In an example, theD2D P2P links 192 and 194 may be supported with any well-known D2D RAT,such as LTE Direct (LTE-D), WiFi Direct (WiFi-D), Bluetooth®, and so on.

FIG. 2A illustrates an example wireless network structure 200. Forexample, a 5GC 210 (also referred to as a Next Generation Core (NGC))can be viewed functionally as control plane (C-plane) functions 214(e.g., UE registration, authentication, network access, gatewayselection, etc.) and user plane (U-plane) functions 212, (e.g., UEgateway function, access to data networks, IP routing, etc.) whichoperate cooperatively to form the core network. User plane interface(NG-U) 213 and control plane interface (NG-C) 215 connect the gNB 222 tothe 5GC 210 and specifically to the user plane functions 212 and controlplane functions 214, respectively. In an additional configuration, anng-eNB 224 may also be connected to the 5GC 210 via NG-C 215 to thecontrol plane functions 214 and NG-U 213 to user plane functions 212.Further, ng-eNB 224 may directly communicate with gNB 222 via a backhaulconnection 223. In some configurations, a Next Generation RAN (NG-RAN)220 may have one or more gNBs 222, while other configurations includeone or more of both ng-eNBs 224 and gNBs 222. Either (or both) gNB 222or ng-eNB 224 may communicate with one or more UEs 204 (e.g., any of theUEs described herein).

Another optional aspect may include a location server 230, which may bein communication with the 5GC 210 to provide location assistance forUE(s) 204. The location server 230 can be implemented as a plurality ofseparate servers (e.g., physically separate servers, different softwaremodules on a single server, different software modules spread acrossmultiple physical servers, etc.), or alternately may each correspond toa single server. The location server 230 can be configured to supportone or more location services for UEs 204 that can connect to thelocation server 230 via the core network, 5GC 210, and/or via theInternet (not illustrated). Further, the location server 230 may beintegrated into a component of the core network, or alternatively may beexternal to the core network (e.g., a third party server, such as anoriginal equipment manufacturer (OEM) server or service server).

FIG. 2B illustrates another example wireless network structure 250. A5GC 260 (which may correspond to 5GC 210 in FIG. 2A) can be viewedfunctionally as control plane functions, provided by an access andmobility management function (AMF) 264, and user plane functions,provided by a user plane function (UPF) 262, which operate cooperativelyto form the core network (i.e., 5GC 260). The functions of the AMF 264include registration management, connection management, reachabilitymanagement, mobility management, lawful interception, transport forsession management (SM) messages between one or more UEs 204 (e.g., anyof the UEs described herein) and a session management function (SMF)266, transparent proxy services for routing SM messages, accessauthentication and access authorization, transport for short messageservice (SMS) messages between the UE 204 and the short message servicefunction (SMSF) (not shown), and security anchor functionality (SEAF).The AMF 264 also interacts with an authentication server function (AUSF)(not shown) and the UE 204, and receives the intermediate key that wasestablished as a result of the UE 204 authentication process. In thecase of authentication based on a UMTS (universal mobiletelecommunications system) subscriber identity module (USIM), the AMF264 retrieves the security material from the AUSF. The functions of theAMF 264 also include security context management (SCM). The SCM receivesa key from the SEAF that it uses to derive access-network specific keys.The functionality of the AMF 264 also includes location servicesmanagement for regulatory services, transport for location servicesmessages between the UE 204 and a location management function (LMF) 270(which acts as a location server 230), transport for location servicesmessages between the NG-RAN 220 and the LMF 270, evolved packet system(EPS) bearer identifier allocation for interworking with the EPS, and UE204 mobility event notification. In addition, the AMF 264 also supportsfunctionalities for non-3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project)access networks.

Functions of the UPF 262 include acting as an anchor point forintra-/inter-RAT mobility (when applicable), acting as an externalprotocol data unit (PDU) session point of interconnect to a data network(not shown), providing packet routing and forwarding, packet inspection,user plane policy rule enforcement (e.g., gating, redirection, trafficsteering), lawful interception (user plane collection), traffic usagereporting, quality of service (QoS) handling for the user plane (e.g.,uplink/downlink rate enforcement, reflective QoS marking in thedownlink), uplink traffic verification (service data flow (SDF) to QoSflow mapping), transport level packet marking in the uplink anddownlink, downlink packet buffering and downlink data notificationtriggering, and sending and forwarding of one or more “end markers” tothe source RAN node. The UPF 262 may also support transfer of locationservices messages over a user plane between the UE 204 and a locationserver, such as an SLP 272.

The functions of the SMF 266 include session management, UE Internetprotocol (IP) address allocation and management, selection and controlof user plane functions, configuration of traffic steering at the UPF262 to route traffic to the proper destination, control of part ofpolicy enforcement and QoS, and downlink data notification. Theinterface over which the SMF 266 communicates with the AMF 264 isreferred to as the N11 interface.

Another optional aspect may include an LMF 270, which may be incommunication with the 5GC 260 to provide location assistance for UEs204. The LMF 270 can be implemented as a plurality of separate servers(e.g., physically separate servers, different software modules on asingle server, different software modules spread across multiplephysical servers, etc.), or alternately may each correspond to a singleserver. The LMF 270 can be configured to support one or more locationservices for UEs 204 that can connect to the LMF 270 via the corenetwork, 5GC 260, and/or via the Internet (not illustrated). The SLP 272may support similar functions to the LMF 270, but whereas the LMF 270may communicate with the AMF 264, NG-RAN 220, and UEs 204 over a controlplane (e.g., using interfaces and protocols intended to convey signalingmessages and not voice or data), the SLP 272 may communicate with UEs204 and external clients (e.g., third-party server 274) over a userplane (e.g., using protocols intended to carry voice and/or data likethe transmission control protocol (TCP) and/or IP).

Yet another optional aspect may include a third-party server 274, whichmay be in communication with the LMF 270, the SLP 272, the 5GC 260(e.g., via the AMF 264 and/or the UPF 262), the NG-RAN 220, and/or theUE 204 to obtain location information (e.g., a location estimate) forthe UE 204. As such, in some cases, the third-party server 274 may bereferred to as a location services (LCS) client or an external client.The third-party server 274 can be implemented as a plurality of separateservers (e.g., physically separate servers, different software moduleson a single server, different software modules spread across multiplephysical servers, etc.), or alternately may each correspond to a singleserver.

User plane interface 263 and control plane interface 265 connect the 5GC260, and specifically the UPF 262 and AMF 264, respectively, to one ormore gNBs 222 and/or ng-eNBs 224 in the NG-RAN 220. The interfacebetween gNB(s) 222 and/or ng-eNB(s) 224 and the AMF 264 is referred toas the “N2” interface, and the interface between gNB(s) 222 and/orng-eNB(s) 224 and the UPF 262 is referred to as the “N3” interface. ThegNB(s) 222 and/or ng-eNB(s) 224 of the NG-RAN 220 may communicatedirectly with each other via backhaul connections 223, referred to asthe “Xn-C” interface. One or more of gNBs 222 and/or ng-eNBs 224 maycommunicate with one or more UEs 204 over a wireless interface, referredto as the “Uu” interface.

The functionality of a gNB 222 may be divided between a gNB central unit(gNB-CU) 226, one or more gNB distributed units (gNB-DUs) 228, and oneor more gNB radio units (gNB-RUs) 229. A gNB-CU 226 is a logical nodethat includes the base station functions of transferring user data,mobility control, radio access network sharing, positioning, sessionmanagement, and the like, except for those functions allocatedexclusively to the gNB-DU(s) 228. More specifically, the gNB-CU 226generally host the radio resource control (RRC), service data adaptationprotocol (SDAP), and packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) protocolsof the gNB 222. A gNB-DU 228 is a logical node that generally hosts theradio link control (RLC) and medium access control (MAC) layer of thegNB 222. Its operation is controlled by the gNB-CU 226. One gNB-DU 228can support one or more cells, and one cell is supported by only onegNB-DU 228. The interface 232 between the gNB-CU 226 and the one or moregNB-DUs 228 is referred to as the “F 1” interface. The physical (PHY)layer functionality of a gNB 222 is generally hosted by one or morestandalone gNB-RUs 229 that perform functions such as poweramplification and signal transmission/reception. The interface between agNB-DU 228 and a gNB-RU 229 is referred to as the “Fx” interface. Thus,a UE 204 communicates with the gNB-CU 226 via the RRC, SDAP, and PDCPlayers, with a gNB-DU 228 via the RLC and MAC layers, and with a gNB-RU229 via the PHY layer.

FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3C illustrate several example components (representedby corresponding blocks) that may be incorporated into a UE 302 (whichmay correspond to any of the UEs described herein), a base station 304(which may correspond to any of the base stations described herein), anda network entity 306 (which may correspond to or embody any of thenetwork functions described herein, including the location server 230and the LMF 270, or alternatively may be independent from the NG-RAN 220and/or 5GC 210/260 infrastructure depicted in FIGS. 2A and 2B, such as aprivate network) to support the file transmission operations as taughtherein. It will be appreciated that these components may be implementedin different types of apparatuses in different implementations (e.g., inan ASIC, in a system-on-chip (SoC), etc.). The illustrated componentsmay also be incorporated into other apparatuses in a communicationsystem. For example, other apparatuses in a system may includecomponents similar to those described to provide similar functionality.Also, a given apparatus may contain one or more of the components. Forexample, an apparatus may include multiple transceiver components thatenable the apparatus to operate on multiple carriers and/or communicatevia different technologies.

The UE 302 and the base station 304 each include one or more wirelesswide area network (WWAN) transceivers 310 and 350, respectively,providing means for communicating (e.g., means for transmitting, meansfor receiving, means for measuring, means for tuning, means forrefraining from transmitting, etc.) via one or more wirelesscommunication networks (not shown), such as an NR network, an LTEnetwork, a GSM network, and/or the like. The WWAN transceivers 310 and350 may each be connected to one or more antennas 316 and 356,respectively, for communicating with other network nodes, such as otherUEs, access points, base stations (e.g., eNBs, gNBs), etc., via at leastone designated RAT (e.g., NR, LTE, GSM, etc.) over a wirelesscommunication medium of interest (e.g., some set of time/frequencyresources in a particular frequency spectrum). The WWAN transceivers 310and 350 may be variously configured for transmitting and encodingsignals 318 and 358 (e.g., messages, indications, information, and soon), respectively, and, conversely, for receiving and decoding signals318 and 358 (e.g., messages, indications, information, pilots, and soon), respectively, in accordance with the designated RAT. Specifically,the WWAN transceivers 310 and 350 include one or more transmitters 314and 354, respectively, for transmitting and encoding signals 318 and358, respectively, and one or more receivers 312 and 352, respectively,for receiving and decoding signals 318 and 358, respectively.

The UE 302 and the base station 304 each also include, at least in somecases, one or more short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360,respectively. The short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360 may beconnected to one or more antennas 326 and 366, respectively, and providemeans for communicating (e.g., means for transmitting, means forreceiving, means for measuring, means for tuning, means for refrainingfrom transmitting, etc.) with other network nodes, such as other UEs,access points, base stations, etc., via at least one designated RAT(e.g., WiFi, LTE-D, Bluetooth®, Zigbee®, Z-Wave®, PC5, dedicatedshort-range communications (DSRC), wireless access for vehicularenvironments (WAVE), near-field communication (NFC), etc.) over awireless communication medium of interest. The short-range wirelesstransceivers 320 and 360 may be variously configured for transmittingand encoding signals 328 and 368 (e.g., messages, indications,information, and so on), respectively, and, conversely, for receivingand decoding signals 328 and 368 (e.g., messages, indications,information, pilots, and so on), respectively, in accordance with thedesignated RAT. Specifically, the short-range wireless transceivers 320and 360 include one or more transmitters 324 and 364, respectively, fortransmitting and encoding signals 328 and 368, respectively, and one ormore receivers 322 and 362, respectively, for receiving and decodingsignals 328 and 368, respectively. As specific examples, the short-rangewireless transceivers 320 and 360 may be WiFi transceivers, Bluetooth®transceivers, Zigbee® and/or Z-Wave® transceivers, NFC transceivers, orvehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and/or vehicle-to-everything (V2X)transceivers.

The UE 302 and the base station 304 also include, at least in somecases, satellite signal receivers 330 and 370. The satellite signalreceivers 330 and 370 may be connected to one or more antennas 336 and376, respectively, and may provide means for receiving and/or measuringsatellite positioning/communication signals 338 and 378, respectively.Where the satellite signal receivers 330 and 370 are satellitepositioning system receivers, the satellite positioning/communicationsignals 338 and 378 may be global positioning system (GPS) signals,global navigation satellite system (GLONASS) signals, Galileo signals,Beidou signals, Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (NAVIC),Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS), etc. Where the satellite signalreceivers 330 and 370 are non-terrestrial network (NTN) receivers, thesatellite positioning/communication signals 338 and 378 may becommunication signals (e.g., carrying control and/or user data)originating from a 5G network. The satellite signal receivers 330 and370 may comprise any suitable hardware and/or software for receiving andprocessing satellite positioning/communication signals 338 and 378,respectively. The satellite signal receivers 330 and 370 may requestinformation and operations as appropriate from the other systems, and,at least in some cases, perform calculations to determine locations ofthe UE 302 and the base station 304, respectively, using measurementsobtained by any suitable satellite positioning system algorithm.

The base station 304 and the network entity 306 each include one or morenetwork transceivers 380 and 390, respectively, providing means forcommunicating (e.g., means for transmitting, means for receiving, etc.)with other network entities (e.g., other base stations 304, othernetwork entities 306). For example, the base station 304 may employ theone or more network transceivers 380 to communicate with other basestations 304 or network entities 306 over one or more wired or wirelessbackhaul links. As another example, the network entity 306 may employthe one or more network transceivers 390 to communicate with one or morebase station 304 over one or more wired or wireless backhaul links, orwith other network entities 306 over one or more wired or wireless corenetwork interfaces.

A transceiver may be configured to communicate over a wired or wirelesslink. A transceiver (whether a wired transceiver or a wirelesstransceiver) includes transmitter circuitry (e.g., transmitters 314,324, 354, 364) and receiver circuitry (e.g., receivers 312, 322, 352,362). A transceiver may be an integrated device (e.g., embodyingtransmitter circuitry and receiver circuitry in a single device) in someimplementations, may comprise separate transmitter circuitry andseparate receiver circuitry in some implementations, or may be embodiedin other ways in other implementations. The transmitter circuitry andreceiver circuitry of a wired transceiver (e.g., network transceivers380 and 390 in some implementations) may be coupled to one or more wirednetwork interface ports. Wireless transmitter circuitry (e.g.,transmitters 314, 324, 354, 364) may include or be coupled to aplurality of antennas (e.g., antennas 316, 326, 356, 366), such as anantenna array, that permits the respective apparatus (e.g., UE 302, basestation 304) to perform transmit “beamforming,” as described herein.Similarly, wireless receiver circuitry (e.g., receivers 312, 322, 352,362) may include or be coupled to a plurality of antennas (e.g.,antennas 316, 326, 356, 366), such as an antenna array, that permits therespective apparatus (e.g., UE 302, base station 304) to perform receivebeamforming, as described herein. In an aspect, the transmittercircuitry and receiver circuitry may share the same plurality ofantennas (e.g., antennas 316, 326, 356, 366), such that the respectiveapparatus can only receive or transmit at a given time, not both at thesame time. A wireless transceiver (e.g., WWAN transceivers 310 and 350,short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360) may also include anetwork listen module (NLM) or the like for performing variousmeasurements.

As used herein, the various wireless transceivers (e.g., transceivers310, 320, 350, and 360, and network transceivers 380 and 390 in someimplementations) and wired transceivers (e.g., network transceivers 380and 390 in some implementations) may generally be characterized as “atransceiver,” “at least one transceiver,” or “one or more transceivers.”As such, whether a particular transceiver is a wired or wirelesstransceiver may be inferred from the type of communication performed.For example, backhaul communication between network devices or serverswill generally relate to signaling via a wired transceiver, whereaswireless communication between a UE (e.g., UE 302) and a base station(e.g., base station 304) will generally relate to signaling via awireless transceiver.

The UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 alsoinclude other components that may be used in conjunction with theoperations as disclosed herein. The UE 302, the base station 304, andthe network entity 306 include one or more processors 332, 384, and 394,respectively, for providing functionality relating to, for example,wireless communication, and for providing other processingfunctionality. The processors 332, 384, and 394 may therefore providemeans for processing, such as means for determining, means forcalculating, means for receiving, means for transmitting, means forindicating, etc. In an aspect, the processors 332, 384, and 394 mayinclude, for example, one or more general purpose processors, multi-coreprocessors, central processing units (CPUs), ASICs, digital signalprocessors (DSPs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), otherprogrammable logic devices or processing circuitry, or variouscombinations thereof.

The UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 includememory circuitry implementing memories 340, 386, and 396 (e.g., eachincluding a memory device), respectively, for maintaining information(e.g., information indicative of reserved resources, thresholds,parameters, and so on). The memories 340, 386, and 396 may thereforeprovide means for storing, means for retrieving, means for maintaining,etc. In some cases, the UE 302, the base station 304, and the networkentity 306 may include sensing component 342, 388, and 398,respectively. The sensing component 342, 388, and 398 may be hardwarecircuits that are part of or coupled to the processors 332, 384, and394, respectively, that, when executed, cause the UE 302, the basestation 304, and the network entity 306 to perform the functionalitydescribed herein. In other aspects, the sensing component 342, 388, and398 may be external to the processors 332, 384, and 394 (e.g., part of amodem processing system, integrated with another processing system,etc.). Alternatively, the sensing component 342, 388, and 398 may bememory modules stored in the memories 340, 386, and 396, respectively,that, when executed by the processors 332, 384, and 394 (or a modemprocessing system, another processing system, etc.), cause the UE 302,the base station 304, and the network entity 306 to perform thefunctionality described herein. FIG. 3A illustrates possible locationsof the sensing component 342, which may be, for example, part of the oneor more WWAN transceivers 310, the memory 340, the one or moreprocessors 332, or any combination thereof, or may be a standalonecomponent. FIG. 3B illustrates possible locations of the sensingcomponent 388, which may be, for example, part of the one or more WWANtransceivers 350, the memory 386, the one or more processors 384, or anycombination thereof, or may be a standalone component. FIG. 3Cillustrates possible locations of the sensing component 398, which maybe, for example, part of the one or more network transceivers 390, thememory 396, the one or more processors 394, or any combination thereof,or may be a standalone component.

The UE 302 may include one or more sensors 344 coupled to the one ormore processors 332 to provide means for sensing or detecting movementand/or orientation information that is independent of motion dataderived from signals received by the one or more WWAN transceivers 310,the one or more short-range wireless transceivers 320, and/or thesatellite signal receiver 330. By way of example, the sensor(s) 344 mayinclude an accelerometer (e.g., a micro-electrical mechanical systems(MEMS) device), a gyroscope, a geomagnetic sensor (e.g., a compass), analtimeter (e.g., a barometric pressure altimeter), and/or any other typeof movement detection sensor. Moreover, the sensor(s) 344 may include aplurality of different types of devices and combine their outputs inorder to provide motion information. For example, the sensor(s) 344 mayuse a combination of a multi-axis accelerometer and orientation sensorsto provide the ability to compute positions in two-dimensional (2D)and/or three-dimensional (3D) coordinate systems.

In addition, the UE 302 includes a user interface 346 providing meansfor providing indications (e.g., audible and/or visual indications) to auser and/or for receiving user input (e.g., upon user actuation of asensing device such a keypad, a touch screen, a microphone, and so on).Although not shown, the base station 304 and the network entity 306 mayalso include user interfaces.

Referring to the one or more processors 384 in more detail, in thedownlink, IP packets from the network entity 306 may be provided to theprocessor 384. The one or more processors 384 may implementfunctionality for an RRC layer, a packet data convergence protocol(PDCP) layer, a radio link control (RLC) layer, and a medium accesscontrol (MAC) layer. The one or more processors 384 may provide RRClayer functionality associated with broadcasting of system information(e.g., master information block (MIB), system information blocks(SIBs)), RRC connection control (e.g., RRC connection paging, RRCconnection establishment, RRC connection modification, and RRCconnection release), inter-RAT mobility, and measurement configurationfor UE measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated withheader compression/decompression, security (ciphering, deciphering,integrity protection, integrity verification), and handover supportfunctions; RLC layer functionality associated with the transfer of upperlayer PDUs, error correction through automatic repeat request (ARQ),concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC service data units(SDUs), re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC dataPDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping betweenlogical channels and transport channels, scheduling informationreporting, error correction, priority handling, and logical channelprioritization.

The transmitter 354 and the receiver 352 may implement Layer-1 (L1)functionality associated with various signal processing functions.Layer-1, which includes a physical (PHY) layer, may include errordetection on the transport channels, forward error correction (FEC)coding/decoding of the transport channels, interleaving, rate matching,mapping onto physical channels, modulation/demodulation of physicalchannels, and MIMO antenna processing. The transmitter 354 handlesmapping to signal constellations based on various modulation schemes(e.g., binary phase-shift keying (BPSK), quadrature phase-shift keying(QPSK), M-phase-shift keying (M-PSK), M-quadrature amplitude modulation(M-QAM)). The coded and modulated symbols may then be split intoparallel streams. Each stream may then be mapped to an orthogonalfrequency division multiplexing (OFDM) subcarrier, multiplexed with areference signal (e.g., pilot) in the time and/or frequency domain, andthen combined together using an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) toproduce a physical channel carrying a time domain OFDM symbol stream.The OFDM symbol stream is spatially precoded to produce multiple spatialstreams. Channel estimates from a channel estimator may be used todetermine the coding and modulation scheme, as well as for spatialprocessing. The channel estimate may be derived from a reference signaland/or channel condition feedback transmitted by the UE 302. Eachspatial stream may then be provided to one or more different antennas356. The transmitter 354 may modulate an RF carrier with a respectivespatial stream for transmission.

At the UE 302, the receiver 312 receives a signal through its respectiveantenna(s) 316. The receiver 312 recovers information modulated onto anRF carrier and provides the information to the one or more processors332. The transmitter 314 and the receiver 312 implement Layer-1functionality associated with various signal processing functions. Thereceiver 312 may perform spatial processing on the information torecover any spatial streams destined for the UE 302. If multiple spatialstreams are destined for the UE 302, they may be combined by thereceiver 312 into a single OFDM symbol stream. The receiver 312 thenconverts the OFDM symbol stream from the time-domain to the frequencydomain using a fast Fourier transform (FFT). The frequency domain signalcomprises a separate OFDM symbol stream for each subcarrier of the OFDMsignal. The symbols on each subcarrier, and the reference signal, arerecovered and demodulated by determining the most likely signalconstellation points transmitted by the base station 304. These softdecisions may be based on channel estimates computed by a channelestimator. The soft decisions are then decoded and de-interleaved torecover the data and control signals that were originally transmitted bythe base station 304 on the physical channel. The data and controlsignals are then provided to the one or more processors 332, whichimplements Layer-3 (L3) and Layer-2 (L2) functionality.

In the uplink, the one or more processors 332 provides demultiplexingbetween transport and logical channels, packet reassembly, deciphering,header decompression, and control signal processing to recover IPpackets from the core network. The one or more processors 332 are alsoresponsible for error detection.

Similar to the functionality described in connection with the downlinktransmission by the base station 304, the one or more processors 332provides RRC layer functionality associated with system information(e.g., MIB, SIBs) acquisition, RRC connections, and measurementreporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with headercompression/decompression, and security (ciphering, deciphering,integrity protection, integrity verification); RLC layer functionalityassociated with the transfer of upper layer PDUs, error correctionthrough ARQ, concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC SDUs,re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; andMAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channelsand transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs onto transport blocks(TBs), demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from TBs, scheduling informationreporting, error correction through hybrid automatic repeat request(HARD), priority handling, and logical channel prioritization.

Channel estimates derived by the channel estimator from a referencesignal or feedback transmitted by the base station 304 may be used bythe transmitter 314 to select the appropriate coding and modulationschemes, and to facilitate spatial processing. The spatial streamsgenerated by the transmitter 314 may be provided to different antenna(s)316. The transmitter 314 may modulate an RF carrier with a respectivespatial stream for transmission.

The uplink transmission is processed at the base station 304 in a mannersimilar to that described in connection with the receiver function atthe UE 302. The receiver 352 receives a signal through its respectiveantenna(s) 356. The receiver 352 recovers information modulated onto anRF carrier and provides the information to the one or more processors384.

In the uplink, the one or more processors 384 provides demultiplexingbetween transport and logical channels, packet reassembly, deciphering,header decompression, control signal processing to recover IP packetsfrom the UE 302. IP packets from the one or more processors 384 may beprovided to the core network. The one or more processors 384 are alsoresponsible for error detection.

For convenience, the UE 302, the base station 304, and/or the networkentity 306 are shown in FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3C as including variouscomponents that may be configured according to the various examplesdescribed herein. It will be appreciated, however, that the illustratedcomponents may have different functionality in different designs. Inparticular, various components in FIGS. 3A to 3C are optional inalternative configurations and the various aspects includeconfigurations that may vary due to design choice, costs, use of thedevice, or other considerations. For example, in case of FIG. 3A, aparticular implementation of UE 302 may omit the WWAN transceiver(s) 310(e.g., a wearable device or tablet computer or PC or laptop may haveWi-Fi and/or Bluetooth capability without cellular capability), or mayomit the short-range wireless transceiver(s) 320 (e.g., cellular-only,etc.), or may omit the satellite signal receiver 330, or may omit thesensor(s) 344, and so on. In another example, in case of FIG. 3B, aparticular implementation of the base station 304 may omit the WWANtransceiver(s) 350 (e.g., a Wi-Fi “hotspot” access point withoutcellular capability), or may omit the short-range wirelesstransceiver(s) 360 (e.g., cellular-only, etc.), or may omit thesatellite receiver 370, and so on. For brevity, illustration of thevarious alternative configurations is not provided herein, but would bereadily understandable to one skilled in the art.

The various components of the UE 302, the base station 304, and thenetwork entity 306 may be communicatively coupled to each other overdata buses 334, 382, and 392, respectively. In an aspect, the data buses334, 382, and 392 may form, or be part of, a communication interface ofthe UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306,respectively. For example, where different logical entities are embodiedin the same device (e.g., gNB and location server functionalityincorporated into the same base station 304), the data buses 334, 382,and 392 may provide communication between them.

The components of FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3C may be implemented in variousways. In some implementations, the components of FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3Cmay be implemented in one or more circuits such as, for example, one ormore processors and/or one or more ASICs (which may include one or moreprocessors). Here, each circuit may use and/or incorporate at least onememory component for storing information or executable code used by thecircuit to provide this functionality. For example, some or all of thefunctionality represented by blocks 310 to 346 may be implemented byprocessor and memory component(s) of the UE 302 (e.g., by execution ofappropriate code and/or by appropriate configuration of processorcomponents). Similarly, some or all of the functionality represented byblocks 350 to 388 may be implemented by processor and memorycomponent(s) of the base station 304 (e.g., by execution of appropriatecode and/or by appropriate configuration of processor components). Also,some or all of the functionality represented by blocks 390 to 398 may beimplemented by processor and memory component(s) of the network entity306 (e.g., by execution of appropriate code and/or by appropriateconfiguration of processor components). For simplicity, variousoperations, acts, and/or functions are described herein as beingperformed “by a UE,” “by a base station,” “by a network entity,” etc.However, as will be appreciated, such operations, acts, and/or functionsmay actually be performed by specific components or combinations ofcomponents of the UE 302, base station 304, network entity 306, etc.,such as the processors 332, 384, 394, the transceivers 310, 320, 350,and 360, the memories 340, 386, and 396, the sensing component 342, 388,and 398, etc.

In some designs, the network entity 306 may be implemented as a corenetwork component. In other designs, the network entity 306 may bedistinct from a network operator or operation of the cellular networkinfrastructure (e.g., NG RAN 220 and/or 5GC 210/260). For example, thenetwork entity 306 may be a component of a private network that may beconfigured to communicate with the UE 302 via the base station 304 orindependently from the base station 304 (e.g., over a non-cellularcommunication link, such as WiFi).

Various frame structures may be used to support downlink and uplinktransmissions between network nodes (e.g., base stations and UEs). FIG.4 is a diagram 400 illustrating an example frame structure, according toaspects of the disclosure. The frame structure may be a downlink oruplink frame structure. Other wireless communications technologies mayhave different frame structures and/or different channels.

LTE, and in some cases NR, utilizes OFDM on the downlink andsingle-carrier frequency division multiplexing (SC-FDM) on the uplink.Unlike LTE, however, NR has an option to use OFDM on the uplink as well.OFDM and SC-FDM partition the system bandwidth into multiple (K)orthogonal subcarriers, which are also commonly referred to as tones,bins, etc. Each subcarrier may be modulated with data. In general,modulation symbols are sent in the frequency domain with OFDM and in thetime domain with SC-FDM. The spacing between adjacent subcarriers may befixed, and the total number of subcarriers (K) may be dependent on thesystem bandwidth. For example, the spacing of the subcarriers may be 15kilohertz (kHz) and the minimum resource allocation (resource block) maybe 12 subcarriers (or 180 kHz). Consequently, the nominal FFT size maybe equal to 128, 256, 512, 1024, or 2048 for system bandwidth of 1.25,2.5, 5, 10, or 20 megahertz (MHz), respectively. The system bandwidthmay also be partitioned into subbands. For example, a subband may cover1.08 MHz (i.e., 6 resource blocks), and there may be 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16subbands for system bandwidth of 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, or 20 MHz,respectively.

LTE supports a single numerology (subcarrier spacing (SCS), symbollength, etc.). In contrast, NR may support multiple numerologies (μ),for example, subcarrier spacings of 15 kHz (μ=0), 30 kHz (μ=1), 60 kHz(μ=2), 120 kHz (μ=3), and 240 kHz (μ=4) or greater may be available. Ineach subcarrier spacing, there are 14 symbols per slot. For 15 kHz SCS(μ=0), there is one slot per subframe, 10 slots per frame, the slotduration is 1 millisecond (ms), the symbol duration is 66.7 microseconds(μs), and the maximum nominal system bandwidth (in MHz) with a 4K FFTsize is 50. For 30 kHz SCS (μ=1), there are two slots per subframe, 20slots per frame, the slot duration is 0.5 ms, the symbol duration is33.3 μs, and the maximum nominal system bandwidth (in MHz) with a 4K FFTsize is 100. For 60 kHz SCS (μ=2), there are four slots per subframe, 40slots per frame, the slot duration is 0.25 ms, the symbol duration is16.7 μs, and the maximum nominal system bandwidth (in MHz) with a 4K FFTsize is 200. For 120 kHz SCS (μ=3), there are eight slots per subframe,80 slots per frame, the slot duration is 0.125 ms, the symbol durationis 8.33 μs, and the maximum nominal system bandwidth (in MHz) with a 4KFFT size is 400. For 240 kHz SCS (μ=4), there are 16 slots per subframe,160 slots per frame, the slot duration is 0.0625 ms, the symbol durationis 4.17 μs, and the maximum nominal system bandwidth (in MHz) with a 4KFFT size is 800.

In the example of FIG. 4 , a numerology of 15 kHz is used. Thus, in thetime domain, a 10 ms frame is divided into 10 equally sized subframes of1 ms each, and each subframe includes one time slot. In FIG. 4 , time isrepresented horizontally (on the X axis) with time increasing from leftto right, while frequency is represented vertically (on the Y axis) withfrequency increasing (or decreasing) from bottom to top.

A resource grid may be used to represent time slots, each time slotincluding one or more time-concurrent resource blocks (RBs) (alsoreferred to as physical RBs (PRBs)) in the frequency domain. Theresource grid is further divided into multiple resource elements (REs).An RE may correspond to one symbol length in the time domain and onesubcarrier in the frequency domain. In the numerology of FIG. 4 , for anormal cyclic prefix, an RB may contain 12 consecutive subcarriers inthe frequency domain and seven consecutive symbols in the time domain,for a total of 84 REs. For an extended cyclic prefix, an RB may contain12 consecutive subcarriers in the frequency domain and six consecutivesymbols in the time domain, for a total of 72 REs. The number of bitscarried by each RE depends on the modulation scheme.

Some of the REs may carry reference (pilot) signals (RS). The referencesignals may include positioning reference signals (PRS), trackingreference signals (TRS), phase tracking reference signals (PTRS),cell-specific reference signals (CRS), channel state informationreference signals (CSI-RS), demodulation reference signals (DMRS),primary synchronization signals (PSS), secondary synchronization signals(SSS), synchronization signal blocks (SSBs), sounding reference signals(SRS), etc., depending on whether the illustrated frame structure isused for uplink or downlink communication. FIG. 4 illustrates examplelocations of REs carrying a reference signal (labeled “R”).

A collection of resource elements (REs) that are used for transmissionof PRS is referred to as a “PRS resource.” The collection of resourceelements can span multiple PRBs in the frequency domain and ‘N’ (such as1 or more) consecutive symbol(s) within a slot in the time domain. In agiven OFDM symbol in the time domain, a PRS resource occupiesconsecutive PRBs in the frequency domain.

The transmission of a PRS resource within a given PRB has a particularcomb size (also referred to as the “comb density”). A comb size ‘N’represents the subcarrier spacing (or frequency/tone spacing) withineach symbol of a PRS resource configuration. Specifically, for a combsize ‘N,’ PRS are transmitted in every Nth subcarrier of a symbol of aPRB. For example, for comb-4, for each symbol of the PRS resourceconfiguration, REs corresponding to every fourth subcarrier (such assubcarriers 0, 4, 8) are used to transmit PRS of the PRS resource.Currently, comb sizes of comb-2, comb-4, comb-6, and comb-12 aresupported for DL-PRS. FIG. 4 illustrates an example PRS resourceconfiguration for comb-4 (which spans four symbols). That is, thelocations of the shaded REs (labeled “R”) indicate a comb-4 PRS resourceconfiguration.

Currently, a DL-PRS resource may span 2, 4, 6, or 12 consecutive symbolswithin a slot with a fully frequency-domain staggered pattern. A DL-PRSresource can be configured in any higher layer configured downlink orflexible (FL) symbol of a slot. There may be a constant energy perresource element (EPRE) for all REs of a given DL-PRS resource. Thefollowing are the frequency offsets from symbol to symbol for comb sizes2, 4, 6, and 12 over 2, 4, 6, and 12 symbols. 2-symbol comb-2: {0, 1};4-symbol comb-2: {0, 1, 0, 1}; 6-symbol comb-2: {0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1};12-symbol comb-2: {0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1}; 4-symbol comb-4:{0, 2, 1, 3} (as in the example of FIG. 4 ); 12-symbol comb-4: {0, 2, 1,3, 0, 2, 1, 3, 0, 2, 1, 3}; 6-symbol comb-6: {0, 3, 1, 4, 2, 5};12-symbol comb-6: {0, 3, 1, 4, 2, 5, 0, 3, 1, 4, 2, 5}; and 12-symbolcomb-12: {0, 6, 3, 9, 1, 7, 4, 10, 2, 8, 5, 11}.

A “PRS resource set” is a set of PRS resources used for the transmissionof PRS signals, where each PRS resource has a PRS resource ID. Inaddition, the PRS resources in a PRS resource set are associated withthe same TRP. A PRS resource set is identified by a PRS resource set IDand is associated with a particular TRP (identified by a TRP ID). Inaddition, the PRS resources in a PRS resource set have the sameperiodicity, a common muting pattern configuration, and the samerepetition factor (such as “PRS-ResourceRepetitionFactor”) across slots.The periodicity is the time from the first repetition of the first PRSresource of a first PRS instance to the same first repetition of thesame first PRS resource of the next PRS instance. The periodicity mayhave a length selected from 2{circumflex over ( )}μ*{4, 5, 8, 10, 16,20, 32, 40, 64, 80, 160, 320, 640, 1280, 2560, 5120, 10240} slots, withμ=0, 1, 2, 3. The repetition factor may have a length selected from {1,2, 4, 6, 8, 16, 32} slots.

A PRS resource ID in a PRS resource set is associated with a single beam(or beam ID) transmitted from a single TRP (where a TRP may transmit oneor more beams). That is, each PRS resource of a PRS resource set may betransmitted on a different beam, and as such, a “PRS resource,” orsimply “resource,” also can be referred to as a “beam.” Note that thisdoes not have any implications on whether the TRPs and the beams onwhich PRS are transmitted are known to the UE.

A “PRS instance” or “PRS occasion” is one instance of a periodicallyrepeated time window (such as a group of one or more consecutive slots)where PRS are expected to be transmitted. A PRS occasion also may bereferred to as a “PRS positioning occasion,” a “PRS positioninginstance, a “positioning occasion,” “a positioning instance,” a“positioning repetition,” or simply an “occasion,” an “instance,” or a“repetition.”

A “positioning frequency layer” (also referred to simply as a “frequencylayer”) is a collection of one or more PRS resource sets across one ormore TRPs that have the same values for certain parameters.Specifically, the collection of PRS resource sets has the samesubcarrier spacing and cyclic prefix (CP) type (meaning all numerologiessupported for the physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) are alsosupported for PRS), the same Point A, the same value of the downlink PRSbandwidth, the same start PRB (and center frequency), and the samecomb-size. The Point A parameter takes the value of the parameter“ARFCN-ValueNR” (where “ARFCN” stands for “absolute radio-frequencychannel number”) and is an identifier/code that specifies a pair ofphysical radio channel used for transmission and reception. The downlinkPRS bandwidth may have a granularity of four PRBs, with a minimum of 24PRBs and a maximum of 272 PRBs. Currently, up to four frequency layershave been defined, and up to two PRS resource sets may be configured perTRP per frequency layer.

The concept of a frequency layer is somewhat like the concept ofcomponent carriers and bandwidth parts (BWPs), but different in thatcomponent carriers and BWPs are used by one base station (or a macrocell base station and a small cell base station) to transmit datachannels, while frequency layers are used by several (usually three ormore) base stations to transmit PRS. A UE may indicate the number offrequency layers it can support when it sends the network itspositioning capabilities, such as during an LTE positioning protocol(LPP) session. For example, a UE may indicate whether it can support oneor four positioning frequency layers.

Note that the terms “positioning reference signal” and “PRS” generallyrefer to specific reference signals that are used for positioning in NRand LTE systems. However, as used herein, the terms “positioningreference signal” and “PRS” may also refer to any type of referencesignal that can be used for positioning, such as but not limited to, PRSas defined in LTE and NR, TRS, PTRS, CRS, CSI-RS, DMRS, PSS, SSS, SSB,SRS, UL-PRS, etc. In addition, the terms “positioning reference signal”and “PRS” may refer to downlink or uplink positioning reference signals,unless otherwise indicated by the context. If needed to furtherdistinguish the type of PRS, a downlink positioning reference signal maybe referred to as a “DL-PRS,” and an uplink positioning reference signal(e.g., an SRS-for-positioning, PTRS) may be referred to as an “UL-PRS.”In addition, for signals that may be transmitted in both the uplink anddownlink (e.g., DMRS, PTRS), the signals may be prepended with “UL” or“DL” to distinguish the direction. For example, “UL-DMRS” may bedifferentiated from “DL-DMRS.”

NR supports a number of cellular network-based positioning technologies,including downlink-based, uplink-based, and downlink-and-uplink-basedpositioning methods. Downlink-based positioning methods include observedtime difference of arrival (OTDOA) in LTE, downlink time difference ofarrival (DL-TDOA) in NR, and downlink angle-of-departure (DL-AoD) in NR.FIG. 5 illustrates examples of various positioning methods, according toaspects of the disclosure. In an OTDOA or DL-TDOA positioning procedure,illustrated by scenario 510, a UE measures the differences between thetimes of arrival (ToAs) of reference signals (e.g., positioningreference signals (PRS)) received from pairs of base stations, referredto as reference signal time difference (RSTD) or time difference ofarrival (TDOA) measurements, and reports them to a positioning entity.More specifically, the UE receives the identifiers (IDs) of a referencebase station (e.g., a serving base station) and multiple non-referencebase stations in assistance data. The UE then measures the RSTD betweenthe reference base station and each of the non-reference base stations.Based on the known locations of the involved/participating base stationsand the RSTD measurements, the positioning entity (e.g., the UE forUE-based positioning or a location server for UE-assisted positioning)can estimate the UE's location.

For DL-AoD positioning, illustrated by scenario 520, the positioningentity uses a beam report from the UE of received signal strengthmeasurements of multiple downlink transmit beams to determine theangle(s) between the UE and the transmitting base station(s). Thepositioning entity can then estimate the location of the UE based on thedetermined angle(s) and the known location(s) of the transmitting basestation(s).

Uplink-based positioning methods include uplink time difference ofarrival (UL-TDOA) and uplink angle-of-arrival (UL-AoA). UL-TDOA issimilar to DL-TDOA, but is based on uplink reference signals (e.g.,sounding reference signals (SRS)) transmitted by the UE. For UL-AoApositioning, one or more base stations measure the received signalstrength of one or more uplink reference signals (e.g., SRS) receivedfrom a UE on one or more uplink receive beams. The positioning entityuses the signal strength measurements and the angle(s) of the receivebeam(s) to determine the angle(s) between the UE and the basestation(s). Based on the determined angle(s) and the known location(s)of the base station(s), the positioning entity can then estimate thelocation of the UE.

Downlink-and-uplink-based positioning methods include enhanced cell-ID(E-CID) positioning and multi-round-trip-time (RTT) positioning (alsoreferred to as “multi-cell RTT” and “multi-RTT”). In an RTT procedure, afirst entity (e.g., a base station or a UE) transmits a firstRTT-related signal (e.g., a PRS or SRS) to a second entity (e.g., a UEor base station), which transmits a second RTT-related signal (e.g., anSRS or PRS) back to the first entity. Each entity measures the timedifference between the time of arrival (ToA) of the received RTT-relatedsignal and the transmission time of the transmitted RTT-related signal.This time difference is referred to as a reception-to-transmission(Rx-Tx) time difference. The Rx-Tx time difference measurement may bemade, or may be adjusted, to include only a time difference betweennearest subframe boundaries for the received and transmitted signals.Both entities may then send their Rx-Tx time difference measurement to alocation server (e.g., an LMF 270), which calculates the round trippropagation time (i.e., RTT) between the two entities from the two Rx-Txtime difference measurements (e.g., as the sum of the two Rx-Tx timedifference measurements). Alternatively, one entity may send its Rx-Txtime difference measurement to the other entity, which then calculatesthe RTT. The distance between the two entities can be determined fromthe RTT and the known signal speed (e.g., the speed of light). Formulti-RTT positioning, illustrated by scenario 530, a first entity(e.g., a UE or base station) performs an RTT positioning procedure withmultiple second entities (e.g., multiple base stations or UEs) to enablethe location of the first entity to be determined (e.g., usingmultilateration) based on distances to, and the known locations of, thesecond entities. RTT and multi-RTT methods can be combined with otherpositioning techniques, such as UL-AoA and DL-AoD, to improve locationaccuracy, as illustrated by scenario 540.

The E-CID positioning method is based on radio resource management (RRM)measurements. In E-CID, the UE reports the serving cell ID, the timingadvance (TA), and the identifiers, estimated timing, and signal strengthof detected neighbor base stations. The location of the UE is thenestimated based on this information and the known locations of the basestation(s).

To assist positioning operations, a location server (e.g., locationserver 230, LMF 270, SLP 272) may provide assistance data to the UE. Forexample, the assistance data may include identifiers of the basestations (or the cells/TRPs of the base stations) from which to measurereference signals, the reference signal configuration parameters (e.g.,the number of consecutive positioning subframes, periodicity ofpositioning subframes, muting sequence, frequency hopping sequence,reference signal identifier, reference signal bandwidth, etc.), and/orother parameters applicable to the particular positioning method.Alternatively, the assistance data may originate directly from the basestations themselves (e.g., in periodically broadcasted overheadmessages, etc.). In some cases, the UE may be able to detect neighbornetwork nodes itself without the use of assistance data.

In the case of an OTDOA or DL-TDOA positioning procedure, the assistancedata may further include an expected RSTD value and an associateduncertainty, or search window, around the expected RSTD. In some cases,the value range of the expected RSTD may be +/−500 microseconds (μs). Insome cases, when any of the resources used for the positioningmeasurement are in FR1, the value range for the uncertainty of theexpected RSTD may be +/−32 μs. In other cases, when all of the resourcesused for the positioning measurement(s) are in FR2, the value range forthe uncertainty of the expected RSTD may be +/−8 μs.

NR is also capable of supporting various sidelink ranging andpositioning techniques.

Sidelink-based ranging enables the determination of the relativedistance(s) between UEs and optionally their absolute position(s), whenthe absolute position of at least one involved UE is known. Thistechnique is valuable in situations where global navigation satellitesystem (GNSS) positioning is degraded or unavailable (e.g., tunnels,urban canyons, etc.) and can also enhance range and positioning accuracywhen GNSS is available.

Sidelink-based ranging can be accomplished via the broadcast ofpositioning reference signals (PRS) from participating UEs (e.g., any UEcapable of sidelink, V2X, V2V, etc. communication) and network entities(e.g., roadside units (RSUs), gNBs, APs, etc.), followed by participantsexchanging measurements based on the PRS transmission and reception.Based on these measurements, a participant (a UE or a network entity)can determine its range to the other participants. If at least oneparticipant has accurate knowledge of its location, the result of theranging exercise is a determination of location for the otherparticipant(s). If none of the participants have knowledge of theirlocation, the result is simply the determination of theinter-participant ranges.

For a UE to determine its location from a sidelink positioning procedure(also referred to as a sidelink ranging procedure, sidelink rangingsession, sidelink ranging and positioning procedure, and the like), atleast one participant in the procedure needs to have accurate knowledgeof its location to serve as an “anchor” for the location calculation(i.e., an “anchor” is a device with a known location that can be used todetermine the location of a device with an unknown location). Similarly,for a network entity managing sidelink positioning procedures (e.g.,LMF, RSU, gNB), a prerequisite for determining the participants in asidelink positioning procedure is knowing which, if any, UEs can serveas anchors.

FIG. 6 illustrates an example sidelink ranging and positioning procedure600, according to aspects of the disclosure. Sidelink ranging is basedon calculating an inter-UE round-trip-time (RTT) measurement, asdetermined from the transmit and receive times of PRS (a widebandreference signal defined in LTE and NR for positioning). Each UE reportsan RTT measurement to all other participating UEs, along with itslocation (if known). For UEs having zero or inaccurate knowledge oftheir location, the RTT procedure yields an inter-UE range between theinvolved UEs. For UEs having accurate knowledge of their location, therange yields an absolute location. UE participation, PRS transmission,and subsequent RTT calculation is coordinated by an initial three-waymessaging handshake (a PRS request, a PRS response, and a PRSconfirmation), and a message exchange after PRS transmission (post PRSmessages) to share measurements after receiving a peer UE's PRS.

The sidelink ranging and positioning procedure 600 (or session) beginswith the broadcast of capability information by the involved peer UEs atstage 605. As shown in FIG. 6 , one of the peer UEs, UE 204-1 (e.g., anyof the sidelink-capable UEs described herein), is capable of being ananchor UE for the sidelink ranging and positioning procedure 600,meaning it has a known location. As such, the anchor UE 204-1 includesan indication in its capability message(s) that it is capable of beingan anchor UE for the sidelink ranging and positioning procedure 600. Thecapability message(s) may also include the location of the anchor UE204-1, or this may be provided later. The other UE, UE 204-2 (e.g., anyother of the sidelink-capable UEs described herein), is a target UE,meaning it has an unknown or inaccurate location and is attempting to belocated. Based on the capability information received from the anchor UE204-1, indicating that the anchor UE 204-1 is an anchor UE, the targetUE 204-2 knows that it will be able to determine its location based onperforming the sidelink ranging and positioning procedure 600 with theanchor UE 204-1.

After the initial capability exchange, the involved UEs 204 perform athree-way messaging handshake. At stage 610, the anchor UE 204-1transmits a PRS request (labeled “PRSrequest”) to the target UE 204-2.At stage 615, the target UE 204-2 transmits a PRS response (labeled“PRSresponse”) to the anchor UE 204-1. At stage 620, the anchor UE 204-1transmits a PRS confirmation to the target UE 204-2. At this point, thethree-way messaging handshake is complete.

At stages 625 and 630, the involved peer UEs 204 transmit PRS to eachother. The resources on which the PRS are transmitted may beconfigured/allocated by the network (e.g., one of the UE's 204 servingbase station) or negotiated by the UEs 204 during the three-waymessaging handshake. The anchor UE 204-1 measures the Rx-Tx timedifference between the transmission time of PRS at stage 625 and thereception time of PRS at stage 630. The target UE 204-2 measures theRx-Tx time difference between the reception time of PRS at stage 625 andthe transmission time of PRS at stage 630.

At stages 635 and 640, the peer UEs 204 exchange their respective Rx-Txtime difference measurements in post PRS messages (labeled “postPRS”).If the anchor UE 204-1 has not yet provided its location to the targetUE 204-2, it does so at this point. Each UE 204 is then able todetermine the RTT between each UE 204 based on the Rx-Tx and Rx-Tx timedifference measurements (specifically, the difference between the Rx-Txand Rx-Tx time difference measurements). Based on the RTT measurementand the speed of light, each UE 204 can then estimate the distance (orrange) between the two UEs 204 (specifically, the time of flight (ToF),i.e., half the RTT measurement, multiplied by the speed of light). Sincethe target UE 204-2 also has the absolute location (e.g., geographiccoordinates) of the anchor UE 204-1, the target UE 204-2 can use thatlocation and the distance to the anchor UE 204-1 to determine its ownabsolute location.

Note that while FIG. 6 illustrates two UEs 204, a UE may perform, orattempt to perform, the sidelink ranging and positioning procedure 600with multiple UEs.

5G NR communication devices (e.g., UEs, gNBs, etc.) may use mmWfrequency bands (e.g., n260 and n261) to transmit and receive data. Inthe United States, the FCC limits the maximum power density exposure ofelectromagnetic waves on human tissues. Specifically, the FCC limitselectromagnetic power exposure on human skin to 1 milliwatt (mW) persquare centimeter (cm²) averaged over a surface of 4 cm². One metricused to indicate maximum power density exposure requirements is maximumpermissible exposure (MPE), which is the maximum exposure ofelectromagnetic waves that can incur to a human body.

The International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection(ICNIRP) has also proposed MPE requirements for mmW communications. Thefollowing table shows the ICNIRP and FCC MPE requirements for mmWfrequencies (f).

TABLE 1 ICNIRP (f > 10 GHz) FCC (f > 6 GHz) 20 mW/cm² 1 mW/cm²

For customer-premises equipment (CPE), if the mmW device does not knowthe location of a human near the device, the device must assume thatthere is a human within 20 cm and therefore, the maximum effectiveisotropic radiated power (EIRP) level at which it can transmit is 37decibel milliwatts (dBm) at a 100% uplink duty cycle.

FIG. 7 is a graph 700 illustrating the impact of the FCC MPE requirementon the maximum allowed EIRP. In FIG. 7 , each curve represents themaximum possible EIRP that can be radiated by a mmW device and stillcomply with the 1 mW/cm² FCC MPE requirement as a function of thedistance between the nearest human and the radiating antenna(s) of thedevice.

If a mmW device knows that there is no human near the device (e.g.,within 150 cm of the device), the device could transmit at maximum power(e.g., 55 dBm) for a 100% uplink duty cycle. Otherwise, based on thedistance to the human (e.g., greater than 20 cm), the device couldincrease the transmit power above 37 dBm accordingly. For example, asshown in FIG. 7 , if a human is 40 cm from the device, the device cantransmit at 43 dBm.

As such, a mechanism to enable a mmW device to detect the presence andlocation of a human could permit the mmW device to transmit at a higherpower when no humans are nearby, resulting in a higher average transmitpower for the device. A higher average transmit power can increase thecell coverage (because the base station and UE can use a higher transmitpower, and therefore communicate over farther distances) and/or theuplink throughput of the mmW device.

Accordingly, the present disclosure provides techniques for usingpositioning and coordination between mmW devices (e.g., UEs, wearables,CPEs, etc.) to assist the devices in detecting any human presence andlocation to optimize transmit power while satisfying FCC requirements.

FIG. 8 is a diagram 800 of an example scenario in which four devicescoordinate with each other to detect a nearby human, according toaspects of the disclosure. In the example of FIG. 8 , four mmW devices,a “smart” watch 822, a pair of “smart” glasses 824, a “smart” phone 826,and a “smart” health monitoring device 828 are within the sameenvironment as a human 810 (i.e., within range of wireless communicationsignals). All of these devices may be considered UEs, and the smartwatch and smart glasses may be considered wearables. Note that whileFIG. 8 illustrates specific examples of mmW devices, the disclosure isnot limited to these examples. In addition, while FIG. 8 illustratesfour mmW devices, there may be more or fewer devices in the environmentof the human 810.

A first technique described herein relates to a coordination methodamong mmW devices (e.g., mmW devices 822, 824, 826, 828) to detect andoptionally locate a human 710. An initiator mmW device (e.g., smartglasses 824 in the example of FIG. 8 ) attempting to use a highertransmit power can transmit a request for coordination to other nearbydevices (e.g., mmW devices 822, 826, 828 in the example of FIG. 8 ).This request should include an identifier (ID) so that responderdevices, whether choosing to participate or not, can respond to thisspecific request as appropriate.

The desired transmit power may be a transmit power higher than athreshold X for a number of slots/transmissions Y. These values may bedetermined by the initiator device and indicated in the request.Alternatively, the values X and Y may be configured to the initiatordevice or all involved/participating devices via RRC signaling or MACcontrol element (MAC-CE) signaling from a serving base station.

A coordination request may be transmitted on resources reserved for suchrequests, similar to a wake-up signal (WUS) (which is transmitted onspecific resources reserved for WUS). For example, there may be periodicoccasions of time and frequency resources reserved for coordinationrequests. In addition, a request should be transmitted with low power toannounce to nearby devices the need of the initiator device tocoordinate.

Once a mmW device sends a group coordination request, nearby devices(preferably at least three) that overhear the coordination request andare able to participate in the coordination method are expected torespond with an acknowledgment (ACK). In the example of FIG. 8 , each ofthe smart watch 822, the smart phone 826, and the smart healthmonitoring device 828 respond with an acknowledgment. The acknowledgmentshould include the ID of the coordination request. A responding devicemay be expected to transmit a response/acknowledgment some time period T(e.g., some number of symbols, slot, frames, milliseconds, seconds,etc.) after the occasion in which the request was transmitted andreceived. Then, once the initiator device receives three (or more)positive responses, it presumes it can continue the coordination method.The responding devices are expected to share their locations with eachother in their responses. For example, the responding devices mayperform one or more of the positioning procedures described above withreference to FIG. 5 , or some other non-NR positioning procedure (e.g.,GPS).

After the acknowledgments have been transmitted, each participatingdevice (e.g., mmW devices 822, 824, 826, 828 in FIG. 8 ) transmits twoconsecutive pulses towards other nearby devices, similar to the PRSexchanges illustrated in FIG. 6 (except that the pulses may not be PRS).The pulses may be PRS or other type of positioning reference signal, orsome other wireless signal having a large bandwidth and short duration,similar to PRS. The measurements of the transmitted/received pulses canbe exchanged as at stages 635 and 640 of FIG. 6 to determine the RTTsand/or ToFs between the transmitter and receiver devices. The ToFs canbe processed to detect any humans (e.g., human 810) given that humansare generally nonstationary as compared to other objects in theenvironment (e.g., even a stationary human will generally move at leastslightly).

More specifically, since humans are generally non-stationary, the ToFmeasurements of the two consecutive pulses from a transmitter devicewill be the same only when static objects are in the environment. Thus,it can easily be determined when there are no humans in the environment.However, when a human 810 is present, the reflected pulses will followslightly different paths due to motion/micro-motion of the human 810. Assuch, if the transmitting and receiving devices are stationary but theToF measurements of the two consecutive pulses are different, then itmeans there is a human 810 in the environment.

The measurements of the pulses can also be used to locate nearby humanswhen combined with the locations of the participating devices. Forexample, when there are at least three participating devices with knownlocations, the known locations of the participating devices and the ToFmeasurements between them can be used to triangulate the location of thehuman.

In various aspects, the computation load can be assigned to one of thedevices and then human detection/localization information can be sharedwith the other devices. For example, the smart phone 826 may have thegreatest processing resources of the participating devices and maytherefore perform the human detection and localization operations andshare the results with at least the smart glasses 824 (as the initiatordevice). Based on the detected presence and optionally location of thehuman 810, the smart glasses 824, or all mmW devices 822 to 828, canadjust their transmit power such that it meets the applicable FCCrequirements.

In an aspect, motion sensors and/or magnetic compass information can beadded to the measurement reports so that the position and orientationvalues and their changes can be tracked. In addition, for better humandetection, other proximity sensors (e.g., touch) can be used for humandetection. For example, the human 810 may be interacting with thetouchscreen of the smart phone 826, which may be reported by the smartphone 826 to at least the smart glasses 824 as the initiator device.

If an initiator device is unable to coordinate with other devices, or ifit (or another device assigned to detect the presence and optionallylocation of the human 810) cannot handle the processing, the device cansend a request for base station assistance. In this basestation-assisted method, each device transmits two consecutive pulses tonearby devices, but then, each device transmits the measurements (e.g.,Rx-Tx time differences) of the received signals to the base station. Thebase station determines the locations of the participating devices andprocesses those locations along with the measurements of the signalstransmitted/measured by the devices to detect the presence andoptionally estimate the location of the human and share it with theparticipating devices. Based on that information, the devices can adjusttheir transmit power such that it meets FCC requirements.

In various aspects of the base station-assisted method, the base stationmay assign a central device (or primary device), which should be adevice with powerful and fast processing resources (e.g., smart phone826) in order to assist “smaller” IoT devices (e.g., smart watch 822,smart glasses 824, smart health monitoring device 828). In this case,the central device will collect the information (e.g., Rx-Tx timedifference measurements of the pulses) and send it to the base station.The base station can then send the result of the human detection andlocation determination to the central device, which will forward thedetermination of the presence and location of the human to the otherdevices.

In the base station-assisted method, the base station may define andassign uplink resources (e.g., physical uplink control channel (PUCCH)resources) for the central device to communicate with the base station.

Once a human is detected (e.g., by the initiator device or other deviceperforming the detection, or the central device or the base station inthe case of the base station-assisted method), the detecting device(e.g., smart glasses 824) can send a group common sidelink controlinformation (SCI) message to the other participating devices, or thebase station can send a group common downlink control information (DCI)message to the participating devices, or to the central device (e.g.,smart phone 826), which can forward the message to the otherparticipating devices via a group common SCI message.

For sidelink communication, a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH)and a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) may be configured(generally in the same slot otherwise used for uplink transmission).Similar to the physical downlink control channel (PDCCH), the PSCCHcarries control information about sidelink resource allocation anddescriptions about sidelink data transmitted to the UE. Likewise,similar to the physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH), the PSSCHcarries user date for the UE.

The PSCCH carries sidelink control information (SCI). First stagecontrol (referred to as “SCI-1”) is transmitted on the PSCCH andcontains information for resource allocation and decoding second stagecontrol (referred to as “SCI-2”). The second stage control istransmitted on the PSSCH and contains information for decoding the datathat will be transmitted on the shared channel (SCH) of the sidelink.The first stage control information is decodable by all UEs, whereas thesecond stage control information may include formats that are onlydecodable by certain UEs. This ensures that new features can beintroduced in the second stage control while maintaining resourcereservation backward compatibility in the first stage control.

Both the first and second stage control use the PDCCH polar codingchain, illustrated in FIG. 9 . FIG. 9 is a diagram 900 showing how theSCH is established on a sidelink between two or more UEs, according toaspects of the disclosure. Specifically, information in the SCI-1 902 isused for resource allocation 904 (by the network or the involved UEs)for the SCI-2 906 and SCH 908. In addition, information in the SCI-1 902is used to determine/decode the contents of the SCI-2 906 transmitted onthe allocated resources. Thus, a receiver UE needs both the resourceallocation 904 and the SCI-1 902 to decode the SCI-2 906. Information inthe SCI-2 906 is then used to determine/decode the SCH 908.

In various aspects, the base station, or the detecting device (e.g.,smart glasses 824), can send the group common DCI or SCI message to theparticipating devices based on their distance/position relative to thedetected human (e.g., human 810). Specifically, since the base stationor detecting device knows the locations of the participating devices,and now it knows the location of the human, it can send the informationto participating devices that are close to that human (e.g., smart watch822, smart phone 826, smart health monitoring device 828). Where acentral device is involved, the central device (e.g., smart phone 826)can send this information to participating devices that are far awayfrom the base station (e.g., out of coverage of the base station) andclose to the human, or do not have an active link to the base station.

A mmW device may determine whether or not to participate in acoordination procedure to detect the presence of a human. In variousaspects, mmW devices can share various information related to theircapability to participate in such a procedure, such as duplexity (i.e.,ability to send and receive simultaneously), battery status (which canlower the ability of the devices to cooperate), ability to participatein coordination within a configured duration, ability to operate as acentral device, ability to communicate via RRC/MAC-CE, and/or the like.This information can be signaled periodically, such as every time periodK (e.g., some number of symbols, slots, frames, milliseconds, seconds,etc.). The value K may be preconfigured or may be signaled in a requestfrom a central or detecting device or a bases station. Alternatively,the capability information may be exchanged in the capability exchangeat stage 605 of FIG. 6 .

In various aspects, user assistance information can be used to determinewhether or not to participate and/or which role to play. UE assistanceinformation is RRC information transmitted to the network to betteroptimize network performance. An RRC UE assistance information messagemay be transmitted in response to reception of an RRC reconfigurationmessage. The assistance information may include the above-notedcapabilities related to a device's ability to participate in a humandetection procedure, and may be used by the network (e.g., a locationserver or serving base station) to determine which devices can/shouldparticipate in a human detection procedure and/or which devicecan/should be a central device for a base station-assisted detectionprocedure.

In some cases, a device may no longer be able to participate in a humandetection procedure. In such cases, the device may terminate itsparticipation before the end of the procedure (referred to as earlytermination or preemption of the coordination/human detectionprocedure). For example, a participating device may determine that it isno longer able to participate due to the expectation or scheduling ofnew upcoming traffic, such as ultra-reliable low-latency communication(URLLC) traffic or some other high-reliability traffic, due to a lowbattery level, and/or the like. If this happens, the device is expectedto send a termination signal within some time period L (e.g., somenumber of symbols, slots, frames, milliseconds, seconds, etc.) after theacknowledgment it previously sent.

The above termination signal can be transmitted in SCI (e.g., first orsecond stage SCI, where second stage would avoid any changes to firststage). Alternatively, a polar or sequence-based signal can be used indifferent occasions triggered after the acknowledgment. These occasionsmay last for M occasions within a maximum length of L from theacknowledgment.

FIG. 10 illustrates an example method 1000 of wireless communication,according to aspects of the disclosure. In an aspect, method 1000 may beperformed by a first wireless device (e.g., any of the mmW devicesdescribed herein, such as UEs, CPEs, wearables, small cell basestations, etc.).

At 1010, the first wireless device transmits a request to participate ina coordination and detection procedure to determine whether a human(e.g., human 810) is present in an environment of the first wirelessdevice. In an aspect, operation 1010 may be performed by the one or moreWWAN transceivers 310, the one or more processors 332, memory 340,and/or sensing component 342, any or all of which may be consideredmeans for performing this operation.

At 1020, the first wireless device receives an acknowledgment from atleast a second wireless device (e.g., any other mmW device describedherein) indicating that the second wireless device will participate inthe coordination and detection procedure. In an aspect, operation 1020may be performed by the one or more WWAN transceivers 310, the one ormore processors 332, memory 340, and/or sensing component 342, any orall of which may be considered means for performing this operation.

At 1030, the first wireless device transmits a first set of at least twoconsecutive wireless signals (pulses) to the second wireless device, asillustrated in FIG. 8 . In an aspect, operation 1030 may be performed bythe one or more WWAN transceivers 310, the one or more processors 332,memory 340, and/or sensing component 342, any or all of which may beconsidered means for performing this operation.

At 1040, the first wireless device receives a second set of at least twoconsecutive wireless signals (pulses) from the second wireless device,as illustrated in FIG. 8 . In an aspect, operation 1040 may be performedby the one or more WWAN transceivers 310, the one or more processors332, memory 340, and/or sensing component 342, any or all of which maybe considered means for performing this operation.

At 1050, the first wireless device determines whether the human ispresent in the environment based at least in part on a first ToF and asecond ToF between the first wireless device and the second wirelessdevice, the first ToF determined based on a first wireless signal of thefirst set of at least two consecutive wireless signals and a firstwireless signal of the second set of at least two consecutive wirelesssignals, the second ToF determined based on a second wireless signal ofthe first set of at least two consecutive wireless signals and a secondwireless signal of the second set of at least two consecutive wirelesssignals. In an aspect, operation 1050 may be performed by the one ormore WWAN transceivers 310, the one or more processors 332, memory 340,and/or sensing component 342, any or all of which may be consideredmeans for performing this operation.

At 1060, the first wireless device sets a transmit power of the firstwireless device based on the determination of whether the human ispresent in the environment. In an aspect, operation 1060 may beperformed by the one or more WWAN transceivers 310, the one or moreprocessors 332, memory 340, and/or sensing component 342, any or all ofwhich may be considered means for performing this operation.

FIG. 11 illustrates an example method 1100 of wireless communication,according to aspects of the disclosure. In an aspect, method 1100 may beperformed by a base station (e.g., any of the base stations describedherein).

At 1110, the base station receives, from a first wireless device (e.g.,any of the mmW devices described herein), a request for assistance witha detection procedure to determine whether a human (e.g., human 810) ispresent in an environment of the first wireless device. In an aspect,operation 1110 may be performed by the one or more WWAN transceivers350, the one or more processors 384, memory 386, and/or sensingcomponent 388, any or all of which may be considered means forperforming this operation.

At 1120, the base station receives, from a third wireless device (e.g.,any of the mmW devices described herein), a first ToF and a second ToFbetween the first wireless device and a second wireless device (e.g.,any other of the mmW devices described herein), the first ToF determinedbased on a first wireless signal of a first pair of consecutive wirelesssignals transmitted by the first wireless device and a first wirelesssignal of a second pair of consecutive wireless signals transmitted bythe second wireless device, the second ToF determined based on a secondwireless signal of the first pair of consecutive wireless signalstransmitted by the first wireless device and a second wireless signal ofthe second pair of consecutive wireless signals transmitted by thesecond wireless device (e.g., as discussed above with reference to FIG.8 ). In an aspect, operation 1120 may be performed by the one or moreWWAN transceivers 350, the one or more processors 384, memory 386,and/or sensing component 388, any or all of which may be consideredmeans for performing this operation.

At 1130, the base station determines whether the human is present in theenvironment based at least in part on the first ToF and the second ToF.In an aspect, operation 1130 may be performed by the one or more WWANtransceivers 350, the one or more processors 384, memory 386, and/orsensing component 388, any or all of which may be considered means forperforming this operation.

At 1140, the base station transmits, to at least the third wirelessdevice, a result of the determination of whether the human is present inthe environment. In an aspect, operation 1140 may be performed by theone or more WWAN transceivers 350, the one or more processors 384,memory 386, and/or sensing component 388, any or all of which may beconsidered means for performing this operation.

As will be appreciated, a technical advantage of the methods 1000 and1100 is enabling a wireless device to transmit at a higher power when nohumans are nearby, resulting in a higher average transmit power for thedevice.

In the detailed description above it can be seen that different featuresare grouped together in examples. This manner of disclosure should notbe understood as an intention that the example clauses have morefeatures than are explicitly mentioned in each clause. Rather, thevarious aspects of the disclosure may include fewer than all features ofan individual example clause disclosed. Therefore, the following clausesshould hereby be deemed to be incorporated in the description, whereineach clause by itself can stand as a separate example. Although eachdependent clause can refer in the clauses to a specific combination withone of the other clauses, the aspect(s) of that dependent clause are notlimited to the specific combination. It will be appreciated that otherexample clauses can also include a combination of the dependent clauseaspect(s) with the subject matter of any other dependent clause orindependent clause or a combination of any feature with other dependentand independent clauses. The various aspects disclosed herein expresslyinclude these combinations, unless it is explicitly expressed or can bereadily inferred that a specific combination is not intended (e.g.,contradictory aspects, such as defining an element as both an insulatorand a conductor). Furthermore, it is also intended that aspects of aclause can be included in any other independent clause, even if theclause is not directly dependent on the independent clause.

Implementation examples are described in the following numbered clauses:

Clause 1. A method of wireless communication performed by a firstwireless device, comprising: transmitting a request to participate in acoordination and detection procedure to determine whether a human ispresent in an environment of the first wireless device; receiving anacknowledgment from at least a second wireless device indicating thatthe second wireless device will participate in the coordination anddetection procedure; transmitting a first set of at least twoconsecutive wireless signals to the second wireless device; receiving asecond set of at least two consecutive wireless signals from the secondwireless device; determining whether the human is present in theenvironment based at least in part on a first time of flight (ToF) and asecond ToF between the first wireless device and the second wirelessdevice, the first ToF determined based on a first wireless signal of thefirst set of at least two consecutive wireless signals and a firstwireless signal of the second set of at least two consecutive wirelesssignals, the second ToF determined based on a second wireless signal ofthe first set of at least two consecutive wireless signals and a secondwireless signal of the second set of at least two consecutive wirelesssignals; and setting a transmit power of the first wireless device basedon the determination of whether the human is present in the environment.

Clause 2. The method of clause 1, wherein: the request includes anidentifier, and the acknowledgment includes the identifier.

Clause 3. The method of any of clauses 1 to 2, wherein: the request isreceived within a threshold period of time after transmission of therequest, and the first set of at least two consecutive wireless signalsare transmitted and the second set of at least two consecutive wirelesssignals are received after the threshold period of time expires.

Clause 4. The method of any of clauses 1 to 3, further comprising:receiving, from a base station, a transmit power threshold and a timeduration threshold, wherein setting the transmit power comprisesincreasing the transmit power above the transmit power threshold for alength of time less than or equal to the time duration threshold.

Clause 5. The method of any of clauses 1 to 4, further comprising:receiving a location of the second wireless device, wherein thedetermination of whether the human is present in the environment isfurther based at least in part on the location of the second wirelessdevice.

Clause 6. The method of any of clauses 1 to 5, further comprising:receiving a measurement report from the second wireless device, themeasurement report including measurements of the first set of at leasttwo consecutive wireless signals, the measurement report furtherincluding sensor information of the second wireless device.

Clause 7. The method of clause 6, wherein the sensor informationindicates that the human is touching the second wireless device.

Clause 8. The method of any of clauses 1 to 7, wherein the determinationof whether the human is present in the environment comprises:transmitting a request for assistance to a base station; transmittingthe first ToF and the second ToF to the base station to enable the basestation to perform the determination of whether the human is present inthe environment; and receiving, from the base station, a result of thedetermination of whether the human is present in the environment.

Clause 9. The method of clause 8, further comprising: transmitting theresult of the determination of whether the human is present in theenvironment to at least the second wireless device.

Clause 10. The method of clause 9, wherein the result of thedetermination of whether the human is present in the environment istransmitted to at least the second wireless device based on the secondwireless device being within a threshold distance of a location of thehuman.

Clause 11. The method of any of clauses 8 to 10, further comprising:receiving, from the base station, a location of the human based on alocation of the first wireless device being within a threshold distanceof the location of the human.

Clause 12. The method of any of clauses 1 to 11, further comprising:transmitting, to the second wireless device, a first capabilitiesmessage indicating one or more capabilities of the first wireless devicerelated to participation in the determination of whether the human ispresent in the environment; and receiving, from the second wirelessdevice, a second capabilities message indicating one or morecapabilities of the second wireless device related to participation inthe determination of whether the human is present in the environment.

Clause 13. The method of any of clauses 1 to 12, further comprising:receiving a second acknowledgment from a third wireless deviceindicating that the third wireless device will participate in thecoordination and detection procedure; and receiving, from the thirdwireless device, an indication that the third wireless device isterminating participation in the determination of whether the human ispresent in the environment, wherein the indication is received from thethird wireless device within a threshold period of time from receptionof the second acknowledgment.

Clause 14. A method of wireless communication performed by a basestation, comprising: receiving, from a first wireless device, a requestfor assistance with a detection procedure to determine whether a humanis present in an environment of the first wireless device; receiving,from a third wireless device, a first time of flight (ToF) and a secondToF between the first wireless device and a second wireless device, thefirst ToF determined based on a first wireless signal of a first pair ofconsecutive wireless signals transmitted by the first wireless deviceand a first wireless signal of a second pair of consecutive wirelesssignals transmitted by the second wireless device, the second ToFdetermined based on a second wireless signal of the first pair ofconsecutive wireless signals transmitted by the first wireless deviceand a second wireless signal of the second pair of consecutive wirelesssignals transmitted by the second wireless device; determining whetherthe human is present in the environment based at least in part on thefirst ToF and the second ToF; and transmitting, to at least the thirdwireless device, a result of the determination of whether the human ispresent in the environment.

Clause 15. The method of clause 14, wherein the first wireless deviceand the third wireless device are the same wireless device.

Clause 16. The method of any of clauses 14 to 15, further comprising:determining a location of the human; and transmitting the location ofthe human to at least the third wireless device.

Clause 17. The method of clause 16, wherein: the first wireless deviceand the third wireless device are different wireless devices, and thelocation of the human is transmitted to the third wireless device toenable the third wireless device to transmit the location of the humanto the first wireless device.

Clause 18. The method of clause 14, wherein: the first wireless deviceand the third wireless device are different wireless devices, and themethod further comprises assigning the third wireless device as acentral device to collect the first ToF and the second ToF from thefirst wireless device.

Clause 19. The method of any of clauses 14 to 18, further comprising:transmitting, to at least the first wireless device, the result of thedetermination of whether the human is present in the environment.

Clause 20. The method of clause 19, further comprising: transmitting, toat least the first wireless device, a location of the human based on alocation of the first wireless device being within a threshold distanceof the location of the human.

Clause 21. The method of any of clauses 14 to 20, further comprising:receiving user assistance information from at least the third wirelessdevice, the user assistance information including one or morecapabilities of the third wireless device related to participation inthe detection procedure to determine whether the human is present in theenvironment.

Clause 22. The method of any of clauses 14 to 21, further comprising:transmitting, to at least the third wireless device, a transmit powerthreshold and a time duration threshold, wherein at least the thirdwireless device is permitted to increase transmit power above thetransmit power threshold for a length of time less than or equal to thetime duration threshold.

Clause 23. A first wireless device, comprising: a memory; at least onetransceiver; and at least one processor communicatively coupled to thememory and the at least one transceiver, the at least one processorconfigured to: transmit, via the at least one transceiver, a request toparticipate in a coordination and detection procedure to determinewhether a human is present in an environment of the first wirelessdevice; receive, via the at least one transceiver, an acknowledgmentfrom at least a second wireless device indicating that the secondwireless device will participate in the coordination and detectionprocedure; transmit, via the at least one transceiver, a first set of atleast two consecutive wireless signals to the second wireless device;receive, via the at least one transceiver, a second set of at least twoconsecutive wireless signals from the second wireless device; determinewhether the human is present in the environment based at least in parton a first time of flight (ToF) and a second ToF between the firstwireless device and the second wireless device, the first ToF determinedbased on a first wireless signal of the first set of at least twoconsecutive wireless signals and a first wireless signal of the secondset of at least two consecutive wireless signals, the second ToFdetermined based on a second wireless signal of the first set of atleast two consecutive wireless signals and a second wireless signal ofthe second set of at least two consecutive wireless signals; and set atransmit power of the first wireless device based on the determinationof whether the human is present in the environment.

Clause 24. The first wireless device of clause 23, wherein: the requestincludes an identifier, and the acknowledgment includes the identifier.

Clause 25. The first wireless device of any of clauses 23 to 24,wherein: the request is received within a threshold period of time aftertransmission of the request, and the first set of at least twoconsecutive wireless signals are transmitted and the second set of atleast two consecutive wireless signals are received after the thresholdperiod of time expires.

Clause 26. The first wireless device of any of clauses 23 to 25, whereinthe at least one processor is further configured to: receive, via the atleast one transceiver, from a base station, a transmit power thresholdand a time duration threshold, wherein the at least one processorconfigured to set the transmit power comprises the at least oneprocessor configured to increase the transmit power above the transmitpower threshold for a length of time less than or equal to the timeduration threshold.

Clause 27. The first wireless device of any of clauses 23 to 26, whereinthe at least one processor is further configured to: receive, via the atleast one transceiver, a location of the second wireless device, whereinthe determination of whether the human is present in the environment isfurther based at least in part on the location of the second wirelessdevice.

Clause 28. The first wireless device of any of clauses 23 to 27, whereinthe at least one processor is further configured to: receive, via the atleast one transceiver, a measurement report from the second wirelessdevice, the measurement report including measurements of the first setof at least two consecutive wireless signals, the measurement reportfurther including sensor information of the second wireless device.

Clause 29. The first wireless device of clause 28, wherein the sensorinformation indicates that the human is touching the second wirelessdevice.

Clause 30. The first wireless device of any of clauses 23 to 29, whereinthe at least one processor configured to determine whether the human ispresent in the environment comprises the at least one processorconfigured to: transmit, via the at least one transceiver, a request forassistance to a base station; transmit, via the at least onetransceiver, the first ToF and the second ToF to the base station toenable the base station to perform the determination of whether thehuman is present in the environment; and receive, via the at least onetransceiver, from the base station, a result of the determination ofwhether the human is present in the environment.

Clause 31. The first wireless device of clause 30, wherein the at leastone processor is further configured to: transmit, via the at least onetransceiver, the result of the determination of whether the human ispresent in the environment to at least the second wireless device.

Clause 32. The first wireless device of clause 31, wherein the result ofthe determination of whether the human is present in the environment istransmitted to at least the second wireless device based on the secondwireless device being within a threshold distance of a location of thehuman.

Clause 33. The first wireless device of any of clauses 30 to 32, whereinthe at least one processor is further configured to: receive, via the atleast one transceiver, from the base station, a location of the humanbased on a location of the first wireless device being within athreshold distance of the location of the human.

Clause 34. The first wireless device of any of clauses 23 to 33, whereinthe at least one processor is further configured to: transmit, via theat least one transceiver, to the second wireless device, a firstcapabilities message indicating one or more capabilities of the firstwireless device related to participation in the determination of whetherthe human is present in the environment; and receive, via the at leastone transceiver, from the second wireless device, a second capabilitiesmessage indicating one or more capabilities of the second wirelessdevice related to participation in the determination of whether thehuman is present in the environment.

Clause 35. The first wireless device of any of clauses 23 to 34, whereinthe at least one processor is further configured to: receive, via the atleast one transceiver, a second acknowledgment from a third wirelessdevice indicating that the third wireless device will participate in thecoordination and detection procedure; and receive, via the at least onetransceiver, from the third wireless device, an indication that thethird wireless device is terminating participation in the determinationof whether the human is present in the environment, wherein theindication is received from the third wireless device within a thresholdperiod of time from reception of the second acknowledgment.

Clause 36. A base station, comprising: a memory; at least onetransceiver; and at least one processor communicatively coupled to thememory and the at least one transceiver, the at least one processorconfigured to: receive, via the at least one transceiver, from a firstwireless device, a request for assistance with a detection procedure todetermine whether a human is present in an environment of the firstwireless device; receive, via the at least one transceiver, from a thirdwireless device, a first time of flight (ToF) and a second ToF betweenthe first wireless device and a second wireless device, the first ToFdetermined based on a first wireless signal of a first pair ofconsecutive wireless signals transmitted by the first wireless deviceand a first wireless signal of a second pair of consecutive wirelesssignals transmitted by the second wireless device, the second ToFdetermined based on a second wireless signal of the first pair ofconsecutive wireless signals transmitted by the first wireless deviceand a second wireless signal of the second pair of consecutive wirelesssignals transmitted by the second wireless device; determine whether thehuman is present in the environment based at least in part on the firstToF and the second ToF; and transmit, via the at least one transceiver,to at least the third wireless device, a result of the determination ofwhether the human is present in the environment.

Clause 37. The base station of clause 36, wherein the first wirelessdevice and the third wireless device are the same wireless device.

Clause 38. The base station of any of clauses 36 to 37, wherein the atleast one processor is further configured to: determine a location ofthe human; and transmit, via the at least one transceiver, the locationof the human to at least the third wireless device.

Clause 39. The base station of clause 38, wherein: the first wirelessdevice and the third wireless device are different wireless devices, andthe location of the human is transmitted to the third wireless device toenable the third wireless device to transmit the location of the humanto the first wireless device.

Clause 40. The base station of clause 36, wherein: the first wirelessdevice and the third wireless device are different wireless devices, andthe at least one processor further configured to assign the thirdwireless device as a central device to collect the first ToF and thesecond ToF from the first wireless device.

Clause 41. The base station of any of clauses 36 to 40, wherein the atleast one processor is further configured to: transmit, via the at leastone transceiver, to at least the first wireless device, the result ofthe determination of whether the human is present in the environment.

Clause 42. The base station of clause 41, wherein the at least oneprocessor is further configured to: transmit, via the at least onetransceiver, to at least the first wireless device, a location of thehuman based on a location of the first wireless device being within athreshold distance of the location of the human.

Clause 43. The base station of any of clauses 36 to 42, wherein the atleast one processor is further configured to: receive, via the at leastone transceiver, user assistance information from at least the thirdwireless device, the user assistance information including one or morecapabilities of the third wireless device related to participation inthe detection procedure to determine whether the human is present in theenvironment.

Clause 44. The base station of any of clauses 36 to 43, wherein the atleast one processor is further configured to: transmit, via the at leastone transceiver, to at least the third wireless device, a transmit powerthreshold and a time duration threshold, wherein at least the thirdwireless device is permitted to increase transmit power above thetransmit power threshold for a length of time less than or equal to thetime duration threshold.

Clause 45. A first wireless device, comprising: means for transmitting arequest to participate in a coordination and detection procedure todetermine whether a human is present in an environment of the firstwireless device; means for receiving an acknowledgment from at least asecond wireless device indicating that the second wireless device willparticipate in the coordination and detection procedure; means fortransmitting a first set of at least two consecutive wireless signals tothe second wireless device; means for receiving a second set of at leasttwo consecutive wireless signals from the second wireless device; meansfor determining whether the human is present in the environment based atleast in part on a first time of flight (ToF) and a second ToF betweenthe first wireless device and the second wireless device, the first ToFdetermined based on a first wireless signal of the first set of at leasttwo consecutive wireless signals and a first wireless signal of thesecond set of at least two consecutive wireless signals, the second ToFdetermined based on a second wireless signal of the first set of atleast two consecutive wireless signals and a second wireless signal ofthe second set of at least two consecutive wireless signals; and meansfor setting a transmit power of the first wireless device based on thedetermination of whether the human is present in the environment.

Clause 46. The first wireless device of clause 45, wherein: the requestincludes an identifier, and the acknowledgment includes the identifier.

Clause 47. The first wireless device of any of clauses 45 to 46,wherein: the request is received within a threshold period of time aftertransmission of the request, and the first set of at least twoconsecutive wireless signals are transmitted and the second set of atleast two consecutive wireless signals are received after the thresholdperiod of time expires.

Clause 48. The first wireless device of any of clauses 45 to 47, furthercomprising: means for receiving, from a base station, a transmit powerthreshold and a time duration threshold, wherein the means for settingthe transmit power comprises means for increasing the transmit powerabove the transmit power threshold for a length of time less than orequal to the time duration threshold.

Clause 49. The first wireless device of any of clauses 45 to 48, furthercomprising: means for receiving a location of the second wirelessdevice, wherein the determination of whether the human is present in theenvironment is further based at least in part on the location of thesecond wireless device.

Clause 50. The first wireless device of any of clauses 45 to 49, furthercomprising: means for receiving a measurement report from the secondwireless device, the measurement report including measurements of thefirst set of at least two consecutive wireless signals, the measurementreport further including sensor information of the second wirelessdevice.

Clause 51. The first wireless device of clause 50, wherein the sensorinformation indicates that the human is touching the second wirelessdevice.

Clause 52. The first wireless device of any of clauses 45 to 51, whereinthe means for determining whether the human is present in theenvironment comprises: means for transmitting a request for assistanceto a base station; means for transmitting the first ToF and the secondToF to the base station to enable the base station to perform thedetermination of whether the human is present in the environment; andmeans for receiving, from the base station, a result of thedetermination of whether the human is present in the environment.

Clause 53. The first wireless device of clause 52, further comprising:means for transmitting the result of the determination of whether thehuman is present in the environment to at least the second wirelessdevice.

Clause 54. The first wireless device of clause 53, wherein the result ofthe determination of whether the human is present in the environment istransmitted to at least the second wireless device based on the secondwireless device being within a threshold distance of a location of thehuman.

Clause 55. The first wireless device of any of clauses 52 to 54, furthercomprising: means for receiving, from the base station, a location ofthe human based on a location of the first wireless device being withina threshold distance of the location of the human.

Clause 56. The first wireless device of any of clauses 45 to 55, furthercomprising: means for transmitting, to the second wireless device, afirst capabilities message indicating one or more capabilities of thefirst wireless device related to participation in the determination ofwhether the human is present in the environment; and means forreceiving, from the second wireless device, a second capabilitiesmessage indicating one or more capabilities of the second wirelessdevice related to participation in the determination of whether thehuman is present in the environment.

Clause 57. The first wireless device of any of clauses 45 to 56, furthercomprising: means for receiving a second acknowledgment from a thirdwireless device indicating that the third wireless device willparticipate in the coordination and detection procedure; and means forreceiving, from the third wireless device, an indication that the thirdwireless device is terminating participation in the determination ofwhether the human is present in the environment, wherein the indicationis received from the third wireless device within a threshold period oftime from reception of the second acknowledgment.

Clause 58. A base station, comprising: means for receiving, from a firstwireless device, a request for assistance with a detection procedure todetermine whether a human is present in an environment of the firstwireless device; means for receiving, from a third wireless device, afirst time of flight (ToF) and a second ToF between the first wirelessdevice and a second wireless device, the first ToF determined based on afirst wireless signal of a first pair of consecutive wireless signalstransmitted by the first wireless device and a first wireless signal ofa second pair of consecutive wireless signals transmitted by the secondwireless device, the second ToF determined based on a second wirelesssignal of the first pair of consecutive wireless signals transmitted bythe first wireless device and a second wireless signal of the secondpair of consecutive wireless signals transmitted by the second wirelessdevice; means for determining whether the human is present in theenvironment based at least in part on the first ToF and the second ToF;and means for transmitting, to at least the third wireless device, aresult of the determination of whether the human is present in theenvironment.

Clause 59. The base station of clause 58, wherein the first wirelessdevice and the third wireless device are the same wireless device.

Clause 60. The base station of any of clauses 58 to 59, furthercomprising: means for determining a location of the human; and means fortransmitting the location of the human to at least the third wirelessdevice.

Clause 61. The base station of clause 60, wherein: the first wirelessdevice and the third wireless device are different wireless devices, andthe location of the human is transmitted to the third wireless device toenable the third wireless device to transmit the location of the humanto the first wireless device.

Clause 62. The base station of clause 58, wherein: the first wirelessdevice and the third wireless device are different wireless devices, andthe base station further comprises means for assigning the thirdwireless device as a central device to collect the first ToF and thesecond ToF from the first wireless device.

Clause 63. The base station of any of clauses 58 to 62, furthercomprising: means for transmitting, to at least the first wirelessdevice, the result of the determination of whether the human is presentin the environment.

Clause 64. The base station of clause 63, further comprising: means fortransmitting, to at least the first wireless device, a location of thehuman based on a location of the first wireless device being within athreshold distance of the location of the human.

Clause 65. The base station of any of clauses 58 to 64, furthercomprising: means for receiving user assistance information from atleast the third wireless device, the user assistance informationincluding one or more capabilities of the third wireless device relatedto participation in the detection procedure to determine whether thehuman is present in the environment.

Clause 66. The base station of any of clauses 58 to 65, furthercomprising: means for transmitting, to at least the third wirelessdevice, a transmit power threshold and a time duration threshold,wherein at least the third wireless device is permitted to increasetransmit power above the transmit power threshold for a length of timeless than or equal to the time duration threshold.

Clause 67. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storingcomputer-executable instructions that, when executed by a first wirelessdevice, cause the first wireless device to: transmit a request toparticipate in a coordination and detection procedure to determinewhether a human is present in an environment of the first wirelessdevice; receive an acknowledgment from at least a second wireless deviceindicating that the second wireless device will participate in thecoordination and detection procedure; transmit a first set of at leasttwo consecutive wireless signals to the second wireless device; receivea second set of at least two consecutive wireless signals from thesecond wireless device; determine whether the human is present in theenvironment based at least in part on a first time of flight (ToF) and asecond ToF between the first wireless device and the second wirelessdevice, the first ToF determined based on a first wireless signal of thefirst set of at least two consecutive wireless signals and a firstwireless signal of the second set of at least two consecutive wirelesssignals, the second ToF determined based on a second wireless signal ofthe first set of at least two consecutive wireless signals and a secondwireless signal of the second set of at least two consecutive wirelesssignals; and set a transmit power of the first wireless device based onthe determination of whether the human is present in the environment.

Clause 68. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 67,wherein: the request includes an identifier, and the acknowledgmentincludes the identifier.

Clause 69. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses67 to 68, wherein: the request is received within a threshold period oftime after transmission of the request, and the first set of at leasttwo consecutive wireless signals are transmitted and the second set ofat least two consecutive wireless signals are received after thethreshold period of time expires.

Clause 70. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses67 to 69, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, whenexecuted by the first wireless device, cause the first wireless deviceto: receive, from a base station, a transmit power threshold and a timeduration threshold, wherein the computer-executable instructions that,when executed by the first wireless device, cause the first wirelessdevice to set the transmit power comprise computer-executableinstructions that, when executed by the first wireless device, cause thefirst wireless device to increase the transmit power above the transmitpower threshold for a length of time less than or equal to the timeduration threshold.

Clause 71. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses67 to 70, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, whenexecuted by the first wireless device, cause the first wireless deviceto: receive a location of the second wireless device, wherein thedetermination of whether the human is present in the environment isfurther based at least in part on the location of the second wirelessdevice.

Clause 72. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses67 to 71, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, whenexecuted by the first wireless device, cause the first wireless deviceto: receive a measurement report from the second wireless device, themeasurement report including measurements of the first set of at leasttwo consecutive wireless signals, the measurement report furtherincluding sensor information of the second wireless device.

Clause 73. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 72,wherein the sensor information indicates that the human is touching thesecond wireless device.

Clause 74. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses67 to 73, wherein the computer-executable instructions that, whenexecuted by the first wireless device, cause the first wireless deviceto determine whether the human is present in the environment comprisecomputer-executable instructions that, when executed by the firstwireless device, cause the first wireless device to: transmit a requestfor assistance to a base station; transmit the first ToF and the secondToF to the base station to enable the base station to perform thedetermination of whether the human is present in the environment; andreceive, from the base station, a result of the determination of whetherthe human is present in the environment.

Clause 75. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 74,further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executedby the first wireless device, cause the first wireless device to:transmit the result of the determination of whether the human is presentin the environment to at least the second wireless device.

Clause 76. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 75,wherein the result of the determination of whether the human is presentin the environment is transmitted to at least the second wireless devicebased on the second wireless device being within a threshold distance ofa location of the human.

Clause 77. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses74 to 76, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, whenexecuted by the first wireless device, cause the first wireless deviceto: receive, from the base station, a location of the human based on alocation of the first wireless device being within a threshold distanceof the location of the human.

Clause 78. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses67 to 77, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, whenexecuted by the first wireless device, cause the first wireless deviceto: transmit, to the second wireless device, a first capabilitiesmessage indicating one or more capabilities of the first wireless devicerelated to participation in the determination of whether the human ispresent in the environment; and receive, from the second wirelessdevice, a second capabilities message indicating one or morecapabilities of the second wireless device related to participation inthe determination of whether the human is present in the environment.

Clause 79. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses67 to 78, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, whenexecuted by the first wireless device, cause the first wireless deviceto: receive a second acknowledgment from a third wireless deviceindicating that the third wireless device will participate in thecoordination and detection procedure; and receive, from the thirdwireless device, an indication that the third wireless device isterminating participation in the determination of whether the human ispresent in the environment, wherein the indication is received from thethird wireless device within a threshold period of time from receptionof the second acknowledgment.

Clause 80. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storingcomputer-executable instructions that, when executed by a base station,cause the base station to: receive, from a first wireless device, arequest for assistance with a detection procedure to determine whether ahuman is present in an environment of the first wireless device;receive, from a third wireless device, a first time of flight (ToF) anda second ToF between the first wireless device and a second wirelessdevice, the first ToF determined based on a first wireless signal of afirst pair of consecutive wireless signals transmitted by the firstwireless device and a first wireless signal of a second pair ofconsecutive wireless signals transmitted by the second wireless device,the second ToF determined based on a second wireless signal of the firstpair of consecutive wireless signals transmitted by the first wirelessdevice and a second wireless signal of the second pair of consecutivewireless signals transmitted by the second wireless device; determinewhether the human is present in the environment based at least in parton the first ToF and the second ToF; and transmit, to at least the thirdwireless device, a result of the determination of whether the human ispresent in the environment.

Clause 81. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 80,wherein the first wireless device and the third wireless device are thesame wireless device.

Clause 82. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses80 to 81, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, whenexecuted by the base station, cause the base station to: determine alocation of the human; and transmit the location of the human to atleast the third wireless device.

Clause 83. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 82,wherein: the first wireless device and the third wireless device aredifferent wireless devices, and the location of the human is transmittedto the third wireless device to enable the third wireless device totransmit the location of the human to the first wireless device.

Clause 84. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 80,wherein: the first wireless device and the third wireless device aredifferent wireless devices, and the non-transitory computer-readablemedium further comprise computer-executable instructions that, whenexecuted by the base station, cause the base station to assign the thirdwireless device as a central device to collect the first ToF and thesecond ToF from the first wireless device.

Clause 85. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses80 to 84, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, whenexecuted by the base station, cause the base station to: transmit, to atleast the first wireless device, the result of the determination ofwhether the human is present in the environment.

Clause 86. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 85,further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executedby the base station, cause the base station to: transmit, to at leastthe first wireless device, a location of the human based on a locationof the first wireless device being within a threshold distance of thelocation of the human.

Clause 87. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses80 to 86, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, whenexecuted by the base station, cause the base station to: receive userassistance information from at least the third wireless device, the userassistance information including one or more capabilities of the thirdwireless device related to participation in the detection procedure todetermine whether the human is present in the environment.

Clause 88. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses80 to 87, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, whenexecuted by the base station, cause the base station to: transmit, to atleast the third wireless device, a transmit power threshold and a timeduration threshold, wherein at least the third wireless device ispermitted to increase transmit power above the transmit power thresholdfor a length of time less than or equal to the time duration threshold.

Those of skill in the art will appreciate that information and signalsmay be represented using any of a variety of different technologies andtechniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information,signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout theabove description may be represented by voltages, currents,electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields orparticles, or any combination thereof.

Further, those of skill in the art will appreciate that the variousillustrative logical blocks, modules, circuits, and algorithm stepsdescribed in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may beimplemented as electronic hardware, computer software, or combinationsof both. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability of hardware andsoftware, various illustrative components, blocks, modules, circuits,and steps have been described above generally in terms of theirfunctionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware orsoftware depends upon the particular application and design constraintsimposed on the overall system. Skilled artisans may implement thedescribed functionality in varying ways for each particular application,but such implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing adeparture from the scope of the present disclosure.

The various illustrative logical blocks, modules, and circuits describedin connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be implemented orperformed with a general purpose processor, a digital signal processor(DSP), an ASIC, a field-programable gate array (FPGA), or otherprogrammable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discretehardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform thefunctions described herein. A general-purpose processor may be amicroprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be anyconventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. Aprocessor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices,for example, a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality ofmicroprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSPcore, or any other such configuration.

The methods, sequences and/or algorithms described in connection withthe aspects disclosed herein may be embodied directly in hardware, in asoftware module executed by a processor, or in a combination of the two.A software module may reside in random access memory (RAM), flashmemory, read-only memory (ROM), erasable programmable ROM (EPROM),electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), registers, hard disk, aremovable disk, a CD-ROM, or any other form of storage medium known inthe art. An example storage medium is coupled to the processor such thatthe processor can read information from, and write information to, thestorage medium. In the alternative, the storage medium may be integralto the processor. The processor and the storage medium may reside in anASIC. The ASIC may reside in a user terminal (e.g., UE). In thealternative, the processor and the storage medium may reside as discretecomponents in a user terminal.

In one or more example aspects, the functions described may beimplemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof.If implemented in software, the functions may be stored on ortransmitted over as one or more instructions or code on acomputer-readable medium. Computer-readable media includes both computerstorage media and communication media including any medium thatfacilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. Astorage media may be any available media that can be accessed by acomputer. By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readablemedia can comprise RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical diskstorage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or anyother medium that can be used to carry or store desired program code inthe form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed bya computer. Also, any connection is properly termed a computer-readablemedium. For example, if the software is transmitted from a website,server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable,twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologiessuch as infrared, radio, and microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiberoptic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such asinfrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of medium.Disk and disc, as used herein, includes compact disc (CD), laser disc,optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk and Blu-ray discwhere disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproducedata optically with lasers. Combinations of the above should also beincluded within the scope of computer-readable media.

While the foregoing disclosure shows illustrative aspects of thedisclosure, it should be noted that various changes and modificationscould be made herein without departing from the scope of the disclosureas defined by the appended claims. The functions, steps and/or actionsof the method claims in accordance with the aspects of the disclosuredescribed herein need not be performed in any particular order.Furthermore, although elements of the disclosure may be described orclaimed in the singular, the plural is contemplated unless limitation tothe singular is explicitly stated.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of wireless communication performed by afirst wireless device, comprising: transmitting a request to participatein a coordination and detection procedure to determine whether a humanis present in an environment of the first wireless device; receiving anacknowledgment from at least a second wireless device indicating thatthe second wireless device will participate in the coordination anddetection procedure; transmitting a first set of at least twoconsecutive wireless signals to the second wireless device; receiving asecond set of at least two consecutive wireless signals from the secondwireless device; determining whether the human is present in theenvironment based at least in part on a first time of flight (ToF) and asecond ToF between the first wireless device and the second wirelessdevice, the first ToF determined based on a first wireless signal of thefirst set of at least two consecutive wireless signals and a firstwireless signal of the second set of at least two consecutive wirelesssignals, the second ToF determined based on a second wireless signal ofthe first set of at least two consecutive wireless signals and a secondwireless signal of the second set of at least two consecutive wirelesssignals; and setting a transmit power of the first wireless device basedon the determination of whether the human is present in the environment.2. The method of claim 1, wherein: the request includes an identifier,and the acknowledgment includes the identifier.
 3. The method of claim1, wherein: the request is received within a threshold period of timeafter transmission of the request, and the first set of at least twoconsecutive wireless signals are transmitted and the second set of atleast two consecutive wireless signals are received after the thresholdperiod of time expires.
 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising:receiving, from a base station, a transmit power threshold and a timeduration threshold, wherein setting the transmit power comprisesincreasing the transmit power above the transmit power threshold for alength of time less than or equal to the time duration threshold.
 5. Themethod of claim 1, further comprising: receiving a location of thesecond wireless device, wherein the determination of whether the humanis present in the environment is further based at least in part on thelocation of the second wireless device.
 6. The method of claim 1,further comprising: receiving a measurement report from the secondwireless device, the measurement report including measurements of thefirst set of at least two consecutive wireless signals, the measurementreport further including sensor information of the second wirelessdevice.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the sensor informationindicates that the human is touching the second wireless device.
 8. Themethod of claim 1, wherein determining whether the human is present inthe environment comprises: transmitting a request for assistance to abase station; transmitting the first ToF and the second ToF to the basestation to enable the base station to perform the determination ofwhether the human is present in the environment; and receiving, from thebase station, a result of the determination of whether the human ispresent in the environment.
 9. The method of claim 8, furthercomprising: transmitting the result of the determination of whether thehuman is present in the environment to at least the second wirelessdevice.
 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the result of thedetermination of whether the human is present in the environment istransmitted to at least the second wireless device based on the secondwireless device being within a threshold distance of a location of thehuman.
 11. The method of claim 8, further comprising: receiving, fromthe base station, a location of the human based on a location of thefirst wireless device being within a threshold distance of the locationof the human.
 12. The method of claim 1, further comprising:transmitting, to the second wireless device, a first capabilitiesmessage indicating one or more capabilities of the first wireless devicerelated to participation in the determination of whether the human ispresent in the environment; and receiving, from the second wirelessdevice, a second capabilities message indicating one or morecapabilities of the second wireless device related to participation inthe determination of whether the human is present in the environment.13. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving a secondacknowledgment from a third wireless device indicating that the thirdwireless device will participate in the coordination and detectionprocedure; and receiving, from the third wireless device, an indicationthat the third wireless device is terminating participation in thedetermination of whether the human is present in the environment,wherein the indication is received from the third wireless device withina threshold period of time from reception of the second acknowledgment.14. A method of wireless communication performed by a base station,comprising: receiving, from a first wireless device, a request forassistance with a detection procedure to determine whether a human ispresent in an environment of the first wireless device; receiving, froma third wireless device, a first time of flight (ToF) and a second ToFbetween the first wireless device and a second wireless device, thefirst ToF determined based on a first wireless signal of a first pair ofconsecutive wireless signals transmitted by the first wireless deviceand a first wireless signal of a second pair of consecutive wirelesssignals transmitted by the second wireless device, the second ToFdetermined based on a second wireless signal of the first pair ofconsecutive wireless signals transmitted by the first wireless deviceand a second wireless signal of the second pair of consecutive wirelesssignals transmitted by the second wireless device; determining whetherthe human is present in the environment based at least in part on thefirst ToF and the second ToF; and transmitting, to at least the thirdwireless device, a result of the determination of whether the human ispresent in the environment.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein thefirst wireless device and the third wireless device are the samewireless device.
 16. The method of claim 14, further comprising:determining a location of the human; and transmitting the location ofthe human to at least the third wireless device.
 17. The method of claim16, wherein: the first wireless device and the third wireless device aredifferent wireless devices, and the location of the human is transmittedto the third wireless device to enable the third wireless device totransmit the location of the human to the first wireless device.
 18. Themethod of claim 14, wherein: the first wireless device and the thirdwireless device are different wireless devices, and the method furthercomprises assigning the third wireless device as a central device tocollect the first ToF and the second ToF from the first wireless device.19. The method of claim 14, further comprising: transmitting, to atleast the first wireless device, the result of the determination ofwhether the human is present in the environment.
 20. The method of claim19, further comprising: transmitting, to at least the first wirelessdevice, a location of the human based on a location of the firstwireless device being within a threshold distance of the location of thehuman.
 21. The method of claim 14, further comprising: receiving userassistance information from at least the third wireless device, the userassistance information including one or more capabilities of the thirdwireless device related to participation in the detection procedure todetermine whether the human is present in the environment.
 22. Themethod of claim 14, further comprising: transmitting, to at least thethird wireless device, a transmit power threshold and a time durationthreshold, wherein at least the third wireless device is permitted toincrease transmit power above the transmit power threshold for a lengthof time less than or equal to the time duration threshold.
 23. A firstwireless device, comprising: a memory; at least one transceiver; and atleast one processor communicatively coupled to the memory and the atleast one transceiver, the at least one processor configured to:transmit, via the at least one transceiver, a request to participate ina coordination and detection procedure to determine whether a human ispresent in an environment of the first wireless device; receive, via theat least one transceiver, an acknowledgment from at least a secondwireless device indicating that the second wireless device willparticipate in the coordination and detection procedure; transmit, viathe at least one transceiver, a first set of at least two consecutivewireless signals to the second wireless device; receive, via the atleast one transceiver, a second set of at least two consecutive wirelesssignals from the second wireless device; determine whether the human ispresent in the environment based at least in part on a first time offlight (ToF) and a second ToF between the first wireless device and thesecond wireless device, the first ToF determined based on a firstwireless signal of the first set of at least two consecutive wirelesssignals and a first wireless signal of the second set of at least twoconsecutive wireless signals, the second ToF determined based on asecond wireless signal of the first set of at least two consecutivewireless signals and a second wireless signal of the second set of atleast two consecutive wireless signals; and set a transmit power of thefirst wireless device based on the determination of whether the human ispresent in the environment.
 24. The first wireless device of claim 23,wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: receive,via the at least one transceiver, a location of the second wirelessdevice, wherein the determination of whether the human is present in theenvironment is further based at least in part on the location of thesecond wireless device.
 25. The first wireless device of claim 23,wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: receive,via the at least one transceiver, a measurement report from the secondwireless device, the measurement report including measurements of thefirst set of at least two consecutive wireless signals, the measurementreport further including sensor information of the second wirelessdevice.
 26. The first wireless device of claim 23, wherein the at leastone processor configured to determine whether the human is present inthe environment comprises the at least one processor configured to:transmit, via the at least one transceiver, a request for assistance toa base station; transmit, via the at least one transceiver, the firstToF and the second ToF to the base station to enable the base station toperform the determination of whether the human is present in theenvironment; and receive, via the at least one transceiver, from thebase station, a result of the determination of whether the human ispresent in the environment.
 27. A base station, comprising: a memory; atleast one transceiver; and at least one processor communicativelycoupled to the memory and the at least one transceiver, the at least oneprocessor configured to: receive, via the at least one transceiver, froma first wireless device, a request for assistance with a detectionprocedure to determine whether a human is present in an environment ofthe first wireless device; receive, via the at least one transceiver,from a third wireless device, a first time of flight (ToF) and a secondToF between the first wireless device and a second wireless device, thefirst ToF determined based on a first wireless signal of a first pair ofconsecutive wireless signals transmitted by the first wireless deviceand a first wireless signal of a second pair of consecutive wirelesssignals transmitted by the second wireless device, the second ToFdetermined based on a second wireless signal of the first pair ofconsecutive wireless signals transmitted by the first wireless deviceand a second wireless signal of the second pair of consecutive wirelesssignals transmitted by the second wireless device; determine whether thehuman is present in the environment based at least in part on the firstToF and the second ToF; and transmit, via the at least one transceiver,to at least the third wireless device, a result of the determination ofwhether the human is present in the environment.
 28. The base station ofclaim 27, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to:determine a location of the human; and transmit, via the at least onetransceiver, the location of the human to at least the third wirelessdevice.
 29. The base station of claim 27, wherein: the first wirelessdevice and the third wireless device are different wireless devices, andthe at least one processor further configured to assign the thirdwireless device as a central device to collect the first ToF and thesecond ToF from the first wireless device.
 30. The base station of claim27, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to:receive, via the at least one transceiver, user assistance informationfrom at least the third wireless device, the user assistance informationincluding one or more capabilities of the third wireless device relatedto participation in the detection procedure to determine whether thehuman is present in the environment.